1. David E. Cáceres, TEFL Graduate Program Candidate Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana – UPB Floridablanca, Santander COLOMBIA daelca69@hotmail.com

2. To provide effective teaching “The art of getting information to the students’ memory in an organized manner to facilitate later retrieval.” (Hutchison and Padgett, 2007) 1. COMPARING Which are some classroom practices that work? 3. METAPHORS 2. CLASSIFYING 4. ANALOGIES

3. 1.2 Two Kinds of Comparisons in Teaching Teacher-Directed Comparisons = Teacher-Directed Comparisons = T’ s Goal Ss obtain a general awareness of the similarities and differences for the same characteristics. 1.1 Some Definitions: “…the process of identifying similarities and differences between or among things or ideas.” (In Marzano, Pickering, Pollock, 2001). “Technically, the term […] refers to the process of identifying similarities.”

4. 1.3 Graphic Organizers for Comparisons Venn diagrams: The Blog and the wiki Venn diagrams: The Blog and the wiki Student-Directed Comparisons = Student-Directed Comparisons = BLOG -one Administrator -Information published in chronological order - Mainly, to give opinions to articles WIKI -Many administrators - No strict order in the publication of information - Multi task tool Web tools 2.0

6. 2.1 Definition: “… is the process of identifying similarities and differences on the basis of their characteristics.” “… is the process of identifying similarities and differences on the basis of their characteristics.” (In Marzano, Pickering, Pollock, 2001). 2.2 Two Kinds of Classifications in Teaching Teacher-Directed classifications = Teacher-Directed classifications = 2.3 Two Kinds of Classifications in Teaching Teacher-Directed classifications = Teacher-Directed classifications =

7. So, what are Graphic organizers for? “They are tools students can use as a visual guide to the classifying process.” (Adapted and retrieved from http://www.ascd.org/publications/books/101041/chapters/Module-2.-Classifying.aspxhttp://www.ascd.org/publications/books/101041/chapters/Module-2.-Classifying.aspx 2.4 Graphic Organizers for Classifications Classification Organizer— Information, education, communication, travel, entertainment, and shopping CATEGORIES InformationeducationCommunicationtravelshoppingentertainment Get local weather reports Do academi c research Chat or instant message Check vacati on plans Buy giftsDownload music Read the news Take online courses Write a blogMake airline reserv ations Buy used goods Order concert tickets Classification Organizer— Bubble Chart

8. 3.1 Some quotes: “The two items in a metaphor are connected by an abstract or nonliteral relationship.” (Marzano,2001) “Metaphor […] is not only a rhetorical device, but an important mental facility and cognitive instrument.” (Hong-mei, 2010) “metaphor is not just a way of expressing ideas by means of language, but a way of thinking about things.” (Ungerer & Schmid in Hong-mei, 2010). “Language, and writing are virtually impossible without metaphor.” (Lakoff & Johnson in Heid). 3.2 Teacher – Directed Metaphors How is this useful for the teaching of English ?

9. 3.3 Student – Directed Metaphors SADNESS IS,SADNESS IS, and SADNESS IS and SADNESS IS How is this useful for the teaching of English ? Element 1 Literal Pattern 1 Abstract Element 2 Literal Pattern 2 It depicts that two elements have somewhat different literal patterns, but they share a common abstract pattern.

10. ROBERT DE NIRO is to MOVIES AS ____________is to ___________ 4.1 Some quotes: “Analogies help us to see how seemingly dissimilar things are similar.” (Marzano,2001) “Analogies deal with relationships between relationships” “The use of analogies is one means of organizing knowledge in the minds of students.” (Hutchison & Padgett, 2007) 4.2 Teacher – Directed Analogies DIRTY is to DAVID AS LOVELY is to LADY ANNOYING is to ANNA AS LOVELY is to _______ 4.3 Student – Directed Analogies

11. 4.4 Graphic Organizers for Analogies Is to Relationship In conclusion “ Identifying similarities and differences can play out in many ways in the classroom. Students can be engaged in tasks that involve comparisons, classifications, metaphors, and analogies. In addition, these tasks can be either more teacher directed or student directed. ” Marzano,2001 “ Identifying similarities and differences can play out in many ways in the classroom. Students can be engaged in tasks that involve comparisons, classifications, metaphors, and analogies. In addition, these tasks can be either more teacher directed or student directed. ” Marzano,2001

12.  Compare the four classroom practices for identifying similarities and differences using the appropriate graphic organizer. 5.1 Accomplish the following challenges in groups of three.  Identify the two things being compared in each sentence and tell in what way they are alike. 1. The lake was a huge mirror in the moonlight. 2. The playground became a lake after the thunderous rain. 3. I am the glue that holds us together.  Write your own metaphor. Explain the meaning and circle the two items being compared. Activities adapted and retrieved from Pearson Achievement Solutions. “Metaphors.” Co-nect Professional Development.