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一、染色质 chromatin 二、染色体 chromosome 三、人类染色体的正常核型 the normal human karyotype 四、染色体的多态性 chromosome polymorphism 第二节 遗传的细胞基础 Cellular Basis of Inheritance.

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Presentation on theme: "一、染色质 chromatin 二、染色体 chromosome 三、人类染色体的正常核型 the normal human karyotype 四、染色体的多态性 chromosome polymorphism 第二节 遗传的细胞基础 Cellular Basis of Inheritance."— Presentation transcript:

1 一、染色质 chromatin 二、染色体 chromosome 三、人类染色体的正常核型 the normal human karyotype 四、染色体的多态性 chromosome polymorphism 第二节 遗传的细胞基础 Cellular Basis of Inheritance

2 ( 一 ) 染色质的分子结构 chromatin structure ( 二 ) 常染色质和异染色质 euchromatin and heterochromatin ( 三 ) 性染色质 (sex chromatin) X chromatin Y chromatin Chromatin 一、染色质( 1 )

3 Chromatin 一、染色质( 2 ) 1 Chemical components of chromatin: DNA 、 protein 、 a little of RNA 2 Higher levels of chromatin structure: Four levels of DNA packing

4 Chromatin 一、染色质( 3 ) 30 nm chromatin fiber of packed nucleosomes. Section of chromosome in an extended form Chromatid “Beads-on-a-string” form of chromatin. Higher levels of chromatin structure: Four levels of DNA packing

5 Cell Histones DNA Chromatin 一、染色质( 4 )

6 核小体 /nucleosome Chromatin 一、染色质( 5 )

7 DNA nucleosome Chromatid ×7 ×6 ×40 ×5 × 8400 Chromatin 一、染色质( 6 ) 30 nm chromatin fiber of packed nucleosomes. Section of chromosome in an extended form

8 染色质 chromatin Interphase 。 染色体 chromosome M phase Chromatin 一、染色质( 7 )

9 常染色质 ( heterochromatin) 和异染色质 ( euchromatin ) euchromatin: active, less compact 。 Heteromatin: repressed, concentrated 。 heterochromatin euchromatin Chromatin 一、染色质( 8 )

10 1949 , Barr Barr body X body Chromatin 一、染色质( 9 ) X 染色质 (X chromatin) : female, interphase, 1μm body, heterochromatin

11 Chromatin 一、染色质( 10 ) 1961 年, Lyon X 染色体失活假说 (Lyon hypothesis) : ① only one of the two X-chromosomes is genetically active in female cells. The inactive X chromosome is silenced by packaging into transcriptionally inactive heterochromatin heterochromatin ② The choice of which X chromosome will be inactivated is random in placental mammals such as mice and humans, but once an X chromosome is inactivated it will remain inactive throughout the lifetime of the cell.placental mammalsmicehumans

12 Chromatin 一、染色质( 11 ) Dosage compensation effect 剂量补偿效应

13 Y 染色质 (Y chromatin) : male interphase 0.3 μm body, Q-bright region of Y chromosome Chromatin 一、染色质( 12 )

14 structure;: 短臂 p 长臂 q 着丝粒 centromere 主缢痕 primary constriction 端粒 telomere 次缢痕 secondary constriction 随体 satellite 二、染色体 (1) Chromosome Structure, type and number

15 Type 二、染色体 (2) Chromosome Metacentric chromosome: 1/2 -5/8 Submetacentric chromosome: 5/8 – 7/8 Acrocentric chromosome: 7/8 - telomere

16 ( 一 ) 非显带核型 Karyotype without band 核型 karyotype 核型分析 karyotype analysis 三、人类染色体的正常核型( 1 ) The normal human karyotype

17 type methods G banding trypsin, Giemsa Q banding quinacrine mustard QM R banding NaCl, Giemsa T banding Heat, Giemsa C banding NaOH, Giemsa N banding AgNO3 三、人类染色体的正常核型( 2 ) The normal human karyotype

18 Q bandingG bandingModel of G- and R-banding 染色体显带 Q-; G-; R-; C-; 三、人类染色体的正常核型( 3 ) The normal human karyotype

19 界标 landmark 区 region 带 band 1p35 高分辨显带 High resolution banding 三、人类染色体的正常核型( 4 ) The normal human karyotype karyotype with band

20 三、人类染色体的 正常核型( 5 ) The normal human karyotype

21 三、人类染色体的正常核型( 6 ) The normal human karyotype Number and structure

22 男性染色体 46, XY 女性染色体 46 , XX 四、染色体的多态性( 1 ) chromosome polymorphism

23 FISH X 染色体 Y 染色体 13 号染色体 18 号染色体 21 号染色体 四、染色体的多态性( 2 ) chromosome polymorphism

24 四、染色体的多态性( 3 ) Detection of tumor

25 人类细胞遗传学国际命名体制 (ISCN, 1995) (An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature) p — 短臂 q — 长臂 del — 缺失 dup — 重复 i — 等臂 inv — 倒位 rob — 罗氏易位 t — 易位 der — 衍生染色体 ter — 末端 46,XX,t(1;2)(p21;q23) 染色体总数,性染色体组成, 染色体变化 染色体号;臂号;区号;带号; (. 亚带) 染色体命名 四、染色体的多态性( 4 ) chromosome polymorphism

26 47, XY, +21 45, X 46, XX, del(6)(p24) 47, XXY 45, XY, -14, -21, +rob(14;21)(q11;p11) 染色体表达式举例: 四、染色体的多态性( 5 ) chromosome polymorphism


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