1. E-Passport standard status and efforts at Japan IC passport study committee  Head of Japan ISO/IEC JTC1/SC17/WG3  Member of ICAO-NTWG  Manager of Japanese IC-passport study committee Junichi Sakaki (Panasonic) J-sakaki@so-net.ne.jp 2004/09/16

2. 1995 - 1997: R&D for Contactless Smartcard prototype 1997 - 2000 ： Contactless IC card standardization 1997 - :Driver License Standardization –(ISO/IEC JTC1/SC17/WG10 Secretary) 1998 - :Machine Readable Travel Document –(ISO/IEC JTC1/SC17/WG3 TF4 leader) –(Member of ICAO-TAG-NTWG) –(Manager of Japanese IC-passport study committee) Self Introduction

3. * EPWG: Education Promotion WG * DCFWG: Document Contents and Format WG * NTWG: New Technology WG ICAO Secretary General Airport Bureau Aviation Security &Facilitation Branch Facilitation Section TAG (Technical Advisory Group) EPWG* DCFWG*NTWG* ISO SC17 (Card & ID) WG3 (MRTD) JTC1 IEC TF1 (New Technology) TF2 (LDS) TF3 (PKI) TF4 (Testing) Official Liaison Relationship ICAO and ISO at Passport standard

4. Japanese Industrial Standard Committee JISC Japan Business Machine and Information System Industries Association JBMIA WG3 (MRTDs) Information Standard Technology Committee of Japan ITSCJ SWG1 (Contactless)PKI TF Biometric TF SC17 (Card and Identification) SC27 Security SC37 Biometrics SC17/WG8 Contactless Card Passport standard committee in Japan

5. SC17/WG3 is sole liaison partner for ICAO-TAG/MRTD within ISO Other liaisons : International Criminal Police Organization(ICPO) International Air Transport Association (IATA) Airport Council International(ACI) Collaboration has been started from early 1990's Role of ISO is endorsement of ICAO document(ICAO Doc. 9303) ICAO document is usually published without ISO endorsement by only ICAO membership county’s agreement and authority of ISO is just Fast Track voting after ICAO publishing. Six member from SC17/WG3 are allowed to participate into ICAO meeting as ISO representatives. ISO members are acting editors of the ICAO technical reports. Collaboration of ICAO and ISO

6. Two or three times meetings are held in every year. (Den Haag, Tokyo, Oakland : 2004) Participants are increased after September 11 (Mostly over fifty). Major participants are Government official (Passport Office, Immigration, Customs, Police) ・ Regular participating countries （ USA,UK,France,Germany,Canada,NZ,Australia,Netherlands, Italy,Latvia,Swiss,Singapore,Korea,Japan) Chairman: Gary McDonald (ICAO/Canada Passport Office) ICAO TAG-NTWG

7. ICAO － Doc. 9303

8. Three Technical Reports （ Biometrics 、 Logical Data Structure:LDS 、 PKI ） Have been published as 2004 version at Web site （ http://www.icao.int/mrtd/ ） http://www.icao.int/mrtd/ ICAO TR

9. Issues Biometrics technology is immature stage and standard is not final Future development of technology is unclear(Backward compatibility) Compatibility with public opinion, Law, and Culture of member countries. Technology obsolescence, Biometric aging (validity can be 10 years?) Card interoperability 2003/5:Ver-1, 2004/7:Ver-2 Objective ： Identification, Aid for Border control, Data structure Basic Guideline: Global Interoperability Need to develop by 2005/10 for US-Visit program Reliability, Practicability, Durability ICAO TR (Cont) ICAO TR is scheduled to integrate into ICAO Doc. 9303 in 2005.

10. Berlin Resolution(2002/6) ICAO TAG-MRTD/NTWG endorses the use of face recognition as the globally interoperable biometric for machine assisted identity confirmation with machine readable travel documents. ICAO TAG-MRTD/NTWG further recognizes that member states may elect to use of fingerprint and/or iris recognition as additional biometric technologies in support of machine assisted identity confirmation. Adoption Unanimous ・ Recommended Biometrics Face: Primary （ Image ） Finger: Secondary （ Image ） + Optional Minutiae Iris: Secondary （ Image ） → Pattent Issue （ Base Patent only ） had been resolved by mutual agreement of ICAO and Iridian Tec. ICAO TR (Cont)

11. New Orleans Resolution (2004/3) ICAO TAG-MRTD/NTWG recognizes that Member States currently and will continue to utilize the facial image as the primary identifier for MRTDs and as such endorses the use of standardized digitally-stored facial images as the globally interoperable biometric to support facial recognition technologies for machine assisted identity verification with machine-readable travel documents. ICAO TAG-MRTD/NTWG further recognizes that in addition to the use of a digitally stored facial image, Member States can use standardized digitally- stored fingerprint and/or iris* images as additional globally interoperable biometrics in support of machine assisted verification and/or identification. Member States, in their initial deployment of MRTDs with biometrics identifiers, are encouraged to adopt contactless IC media of sufficient capacity to facilitate on-board storage of additional MRTD data and biometric identifiers. *subject to the resolution of intellectual property issues ICAO TR (Cont)

12. Rquired Memory Capacity : Minimum 32k Byte （ Case of One Facial Biometrics ） Interface : Proximity IC card(ISO/IEC14443) only Location of IC chip : Location and Material are Note specified All personal data are written in issuing process(Can not be changed after issuing) To resolve interoperability issues, supplementary practices have been added Facial data is defined as not privacy and not encrypted Optional Finger and Iris data should be encrypted as privacy and its means is left as agreement between countries Major topics of ICAO TR 2004 Basic rule is free to read all personal data

13. Document security Passive Authentication : Authenticity and Integrity Basic Access control : Skimming and Eavesdropping for Privacy Active Authentication : Chip Substitution and Data Copying Face Biometrics spec is simply refer to ISO/IEC 19794-5, and 19785-1 Image encording : JPEG, JPEG2000(Optional) Protection Profile (IC chip & card OS) : EAL4+ Even if IC chip is broken, Passport is still valid by printed data (electronic data is just an aid). Major topics of ICAO TR 2004 Lots of Option, No best practice for receiving state

14. Still unclear on Public key distribution and Revocation list Undefined on VISA data Virtual VISA using internet? Append VISA data on a same chip memory? Independent VISA sticker(2D barcode, IC-Chip, others)? Issuing cost, Chip durability for 10 years? Insufficiency on face biometrics accuracy(Aging, Lighting) International interoperability issue on contactless chip interface Several countries are in procurement stage although standard is not yet completed Lack of consideration on transaction speed at immigration booth (Slower than human?) Issues on ICAO TR

15. Why Face recognition? Few changes are required on the issuing process Portrait has been used at passport and immigration for long time Psychological comfort Compatible with human inspection (Machine verification is aid) Compatible with negative list which has been accumulated Why Image? Good interoperability Flexibility for future technology progress Can be reused for visual human inspection Why Contactless-IC? Enough memory capacity （ 32k 64k Byte is available ） Easy to handle High speed data read High security Reason of ICAO decision

16. Inlay （ Thin plastic sheet with IC-chip and antenna ） IC chip Antenna coil Chip location: Cover page, Middle, Back cover Material: PVC or PET Chip size(Phisical & Memory): proportionality relation Read range: Tradeoff relationship at functionality &Speed Cost: Depends on memory capacity & functionality IC chip implementation Issuers choice

17. Inlay Issuing process (Example) Assemble to Booklet File create Lock with transport key Application Print / Personalize Transport Complete Grant Scan from Application form （ Identification ）

18. Logical Data Structure MF Issuer Application (DF) User Application (DF) Common Data (EF) MRZ Data (EF) Face Data (EF) Finger Data (EF) Iris Data (EF) (Not defined) Other Personal Data (EF) Security Object (EF) (Digital Signature) (Option) Note MF: Master File DF: Dedicated File EF: Elementary File MRZ : Machine Readable Zone (i.e. OCR)

19. Digital Signature Data Signature Issuing Key （ Secret Key ） Verification Key （ Public Key ） Compute and add digital signature using a secret key Issuer Inspection Generate key pair Data Signature Verify data using public key

20. ICAO Schedule 20032004 New Orleans NTWG Mar London NTWG July Glasgow NTWG Sep ICAO TAG14 （ Montreal ） Apr ICAO TR Ver-1 May 2003 ICAO TAG15 (Montreal) May Den Hague NTWG Feb Tokyo NTWG Sep ICAO TR Ver-2 July 2004 NZ NTWG Dec

21. Domestic SC17/WG3 (passport) Ministry of Foreign Affairs e-passport Study committee ICAO/NTWG Other ministries IC card Immigration Airport ● IC Specification ● Biometrics ● Durability of Passport Card ● Security ● Compatibility of IC reader ● Operation in Issuing ● Legal system e-Passport Study Committee

22. 2003200420052006 10 11 12 123123 456456 789789 10 11 12 123123 456456 789789 10 11 12 123123 456456 Report submission IC Specification Biometrics Durability of Passport Card Security Compatibility of IC reader Operation in Issuing Legal system e-Passport Study Committee : Timeline e-Passport Introduction Report

23. Face biometrics experiments １． Aging test Experiment outline : Face recognition test by using past 11(mostly 6) years database of diplomatic passport. Since the database contain many photos taken at different year for same person, it is anticipated that it can be used for an good aging test data. Objective : Validate passport period of validity from biometric points of view ２． Photo quality test Experiment outline : Specify obstructive factor at photo quality through various environments (speed photo box, simulation of airport etc.) of photo shoot. Objective : Review a current photo guideline of MOFA

24. Immigration e-passport Pre Face Recognition Test Pre Face Recognition Test Best Practice Photo studio Instant photo stand ● 32-person images ● 8 engines Image quality test -1

25. Immigration e-passport Face Recognition Test Face Recognition Test Simulated immigration booth (bright lighting) Simulated immigration booth (dark lighting) Best Practice Instant photo stand ● 300 images ● 9 engines Image quality test -2

26. Immigration e-passport Face aging Recognition Test Face aging Recognition Test Present image 11 years database (Mostly 6 years) ● Total 32,000 images ● 10,000-person images ● 7 engines Aging test 6 Years ago 5 Years ago 4 Years ago 3 Years ago 2 Years ago 1 Years ago New Photo