1. Examples of Diffusion of Responsibility and Bystander Effect Latané and Darley, 1968 Latané and Darley, 1968 –Cubicles with sounds of severe choking –Only person = 85%; One other person = 65%; four other people = 31% Pluralistic ignorance is where they assume nothing is wrong because nobody else looks concerned. Pluralistic ignorance is where they assume nothing is wrong because nobody else looks concerned.

2. Conditions that strengthen conformity 1. Insecure, offering unwanted assistance or “losing face” in front bystanders  Behavior will be observed/judged 2. Group that has at least three people 3. The group is unanimous; look at other’s reactions in an emergency 4. Group’s status is admirable 5. No prior commitment to any response

3. Step 1 – Will the Bystander Help? Is the incident noticeable for the bystander? Is the incident noticeable for the bystander? Are there a lot of people around? Are there a lot of people around? –Noise, distractions

4. Step 2 – Will the Bystander Help? Can the situation clearly be identified as an emergency? Can the situation clearly be identified as an emergency? Pluralistic ignorance – others dictate our actions Pluralistic ignorance – others dictate our actions –If alone, 70% report situation as emergency within 4 minutes –With others present, only 12% report within 4 minutes –Darley & Latane, 1968

5. Step 3 – Will the Bystander Help? Based on the situation, am I responsible to act? Based on the situation, am I responsible to act? The more people present…less likely to take responsibility The more people present…less likely to take responsibility –If alone, 85% went to help victim –With others present, 31% went to help victim –Darley & Latane, 1968

6. Step 4 – Will the Bystander Help? Do I have skills/knowledge/some capacity to help the victim? Do I have skills/knowledge/some capacity to help the victim? If answers to all steps are yes, then victim receives help If answers to all steps are yes, then victim receives help –Situation noticeable? –Situation identified as emergency? –I have responsibility? –Can my actions help?

7. Actions to counter bystander apathy As a victim, single out one person in the crowd and appeal directly to them As a victim, single out one person in the crowd and appeal directly to them In this way the person cannot diffuse their responsibility; it is placed on their shoulders In this way the person cannot diffuse their responsibility; it is placed on their shoulders This counters pluralistic ignorance as one person in the crowd does help This counters pluralistic ignorance as one person in the crowd does help

8. Examples Stanford Prison Experiment Stanford Prison Experiment –Diffusion of responsibility Milgram’s Obedience Experiment Milgram’s Obedience Experiment –Prison Abuse in Iraq Liverpool, England Murder Liverpool, England Murder

9. Surveillance Tape - February 12, 1993; Strand Shopping Center near Liverpool

10. Sequence of Events The two boys kidnap James Bulger from the mall The two boys kidnap James Bulger from the mall As they walked outside, the boy had to be carried because he was crying for his mother and refused to walk anymore As they walked outside, the boy had to be carried because he was crying for his mother and refused to walk anymore

11. Sequence of Events They continue to an isolated area under a bridge They continue to an isolated area under a bridge The boys cover the injuries Many people notice the tears and blood but none intervene The boys cover the injuries Many people notice the tears and blood but none intervene James drags his feet, cries, and attempts to run away James drags his feet, cries, and attempts to run away

12. Sequence of Events They go into three stores and are questioned by over a 15 people They go into three stores and are questioned by over a 15 people Many give them directions to the police station Many give them directions to the police station 2 ½ hours after kidnapping James, they take him to an area by train tracks 2 ½ hours after kidnapping James, they take him to an area by train tracks The boys throw stones and bricks, kick, punch, and hit James with an iron bar The boys throw stones and bricks, kick, punch, and hit James with an iron bar

13. Sequence of Events Thinking he is dead, they lay him on the railroad tracks before the train comes Thinking he is dead, they lay him on the railroad tracks before the train comes

14. References Latané, B. and Darley, J. M. (1970) The unresponsive bystander: Why doesn’t he help? Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall Latané, B. and Darley, J. M. (1970) The unresponsive bystander: Why doesn’t he help? Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall Gladwell, Malcolm. (2000). The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference. ISBN 0316316962. Gladwell, Malcolm. (2000). The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference. ISBN 0316316962. ISBN 0316316962 ISBN 0316316962 http://64.233.179.104/search?q=cache:_kKV8k7 HvsoJ:www.crimelibrary.com/classics3/bulger/+ boy+in+England,+bystander&hl=en&ie=UTF-8 Court TV website http://64.233.179.104/search?q=cache:_kKV8k7 HvsoJ:www.crimelibrary.com/classics3/bulger/+ boy+in+England,+bystander&hl=en&ie=UTF-8 Court TV website http://64.233.179.104/search?q=cache:_kKV8k7 HvsoJ:www.crimelibrary.com/classics3/bulger/+ boy+in+England,+bystander&hl=en&ie=UTF-8 http://64.233.179.104/search?q=cache:_kKV8k7 HvsoJ:www.crimelibrary.com/classics3/bulger/+ boy+in+England,+bystander&hl=en&ie=UTF-8

15. The Bystander Effect and Diffusion of Responsibility in The Boondock Saints

16. Genovese Case The film opens citing the textbook example of the Kitty Genovese case: The film opens citing the textbook example of the Kitty Genovese case:

18. The tone of the film is set with the preacher's monologue and the brother’s response The tone of the film is set with the preacher's monologue and the brother’s response –“We must fear…the indifference of good men” –“I do believe monsignor’s finally got the point.”

19. The Saints represent the answer to diffusion of responsibility problem by taking on the work themselves. The Saints represent the answer to diffusion of responsibility problem by taking on the work themselves. They also represent the small groups of people who, when faced with an emergency, step out of the crowd and rise to action. They also represent the small groups of people who, when faced with an emergency, step out of the crowd and rise to action.

21. The film establishes the problem of crime in America and shows that nobody is doing anything about it. The film establishes the problem of crime in America and shows that nobody is doing anything about it. The film claims society is sitting by and watching this happen and that everyone wants someone to do something. The film claims society is sitting by and watching this happen and that everyone wants someone to do something.

23. The film alludes to the fact that this style of justice is the only way anything can be done. The film alludes to the fact that this style of justice is the only way anything can be done. The message has dual-intent The message has dual-intent –The audience either agrees and is called to action –The audience disagrees and seeks to fight non-fictional instances  Either way, the bystander effect/diffusion of responsibility is broken through audience action

24. References Boondock Saints, The. Dir. Troy Duffy. Perf. Willem Dafoe, Sean Patrick Flannery, Norman Reedus, David Della Rocco. 1999. DiVX AVI. 20th Century Fox, 2002. Boondock Saints, The. Dir. Troy Duffy. Perf. Willem Dafoe, Sean Patrick Flannery, Norman Reedus, David Della Rocco. 1999. DiVX AVI. 20th Century Fox, 2002.