1. Geography 200 Dr. Stavros Constantinou
Europe
Geography 200
Dr. Stavros Constantinou

2. MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC QUALITIES
Western extremity of Eurasia
Lingering world influence
High degrees of specialization
Manufacturing dominance
Numerous nation-states
Urbanized population
High standards of living

3. RELATIVE LOCATION
At the heart of the land hemisphere
Maximum efficiency for contact with the rest of the world
Every part of Europe is close to the sea.
Navigable waterways
Moderate distances

4. Location
Excluding Russia, Europe occupies only 3.4% of the global surface (2,284,509 sq. miles).
Europe has a high-latitude northerly location.
Much of Europe lies north of the conterminous United States (north of the 49th parallel).
Scotland lies in the same general latutude as Hudson Bay, and Norway has many communities located as far north as the northern mainland of Canada.

5. Location
Europe has an irregular outline, and is largely formed of peninsulas.
The main European peninsula is surrounded by:
First order peninsulas: Scandinavian, Iberian, Italian and Balkan peninsulas.
Second order peninsulas: Jylland (Jutland), Bretagne (Brittany), Cornwall, Peloponnesos (Peloponnesus) and others.
The complex mingling of land and water has provided much of Europe with many opportunities for maritime activities.

6. Location Europe has 13 landlocked states: Andorra Austria Belarus
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Hungary
Liechtenstein
Luxembourg
Switzerland
Macedonia
Moldova
San Marino
Vatican City
Most places in Europe are no more than 640 km (400 miles) from the sea. By contrast, parts of the U,S, interior are more than 1600 km (1000 miles) from salt water.

7. Physical Geography -- Landforms
Western Uplands (Northwestern Highlands)
Hard, geologically ancient rock
Shaped by glaciation – thin soils, fjords
Scandinavia, Iceland, Scotland, Ireland, Brittany, Portugal Spain
North European Plain (Lowland)
Extensive region, a prominent feature of Europe; includes parts of France, Belgium, The Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, Poland, the Baltic states, Belarus and Russia
Rich in natural resources; coal, natural gas, potash, salt, iron ore, Largest cultivated region
Most densely populated of Europe's land regions
Central Uplands
Lower and less rugged than mountain regions, geologically older
Important deposits of metals and coal
Alpine Mountains
High mountains, rugged plateaus, steeply sloping land
The Alps, the Pyrenees, the Apennines, Dinaric Alps, and the Carpathians
Highest peak is Mont Blanc –4807 meters (15,771 feet)
Active volcanoes in southern Europe: Mt. Aetna, Mt. Vesuvius

8. Europe’s Climate Climatic controls
Warm currents (North Atlantic Drift)
Westerly winds
Differential of heating between land and water
Europe’s climate is mild for its latitude
London’s average winter temperature is about the same as Richmond, VA, which is 1500 km (950 miles) farther south.
The British Isles, Scandinavia, the Netherlands, Germany and Poland lie north of the conterminous United States
Most lowlands receive 50 centimeters (20 inches) of precipitation per year:
Average in lowlands is centimeters
A few highland areas receive 102 (40 inches) –254(100 inches) centimeters per year

9. Marine West Coast (Cfb) Humid subtropical (Cfa)
Climate Types:
Marine West Coast (Cfb)
Humid subtropical (Cfa)
Mediterranean or Dry Summer Subtropical (Csa)
Humid continental (Dfa)
Subarctic (Dc, Dd)
Tundra (ET)
Undifferentiated Highlands (H)

10. Vegetation Coniferous forest – Scandinavia
Regions once forested but now mostly cleared for agricultural and industrial development:
Coniferous forest – Germany and Poland
Mixed deciduous forest – southern England, France, Czech Republic,Slovakia, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria.
Southern Europe's extensive oak forests have been reduced to maquis (brush) and garigue (low scrub). Macchia in Italy, chaparral in California. Reforestation efforts are underway.

11. Soils Generally acidic (Lime is added to balance acidity)
Low fertility (alfisols, inceptisols, histosols, spodosols and entisols)
Favorable soils:
Loess – central France and Poland
Mollisols – Danubian Plain

12. Natural Resources Rich in a variety of mineral resources
Energy sources – coal and petroleum
Iron ore deposits – Sweden, Czech Republic, Alsace-Lorraine (France), English Midlands
Bauxite – Hungary, Greece
Lead -- Sweden
Zinc --Sweden
Scenery – tourist industry

13. River Systems Rivers of Northern Europe
Swift in summer, frozen in winter
Important for generation of electricity
Limited use for navigation
Rivers of Central Europe
Most important river of Europe is the Rhine.
Carries more freight than any other river in the world.
Originates in Alpine mountain chains of central Europe and flows through Switzerland, Germany, France and The Netherlands
Rivers of Southern Europe
Of limited use for navigation because of dry summers and high water flow in winter and spring
Danube
Is the longest river in Europe, but is handicapped by site situation characteristics:
Rapids at middle course “iron gate” make navigation impossible
Flows through agricultural areas, rather than industrial
Other important rivers: Thames (London); Rhone (Marseilles); Seine (Paris); Schelde (Antwerp); Elbe (Hamburg), Po (Italy).

14. Population Geography Europe’s 2003 population was 582,800,778.
Generally highly literate and skilled.
Europe is the third largest population cluster, after East Asia and Southern Asia.
Extremely high population densities are found in western European countries, especially Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg – Benelux.
Population densities are not as high in Eastern and Southern Europe.
Nordic Europe, with the exception of Denmark, is sparsely populated.

15. EUROPE’S CHANGING POPULATION
Current characteristics of Europe’s population:
Falling share of the world’s population
Fertility is at an all-time low
Fewer young people
Smaller working age population
Boom & bust age-dependent
Immigration partially offsetting losses

16. Urban Geography
Europe is among the most highly urbanized regions of the world.
Europe's proportion of urban population has grown from 54% in 1950 to 73% in 2003.
Western European countries have a higher percentage of population living in cities than Eastern Europe.
The least urbanized countries are:
Bosnia-Herzegovina – 40%
Albania – 46%
Moldova – 46%
The most urbanized countries are:
Belgium – 97%
Iceland – 94%
United Kingdom – 90%
Germany – 86%
France %

17. Paris personifies France
Urban Geography
The urban system of many European countries follows the law of the primate city.
According to the law of the primate city, a country’s leading city is “disproportionately large and exceptionally expressive of national capacity and feeling.” (Mark Jefferson, 1939).
Examples:
Paris personifies France
London personifies the UK
Amsterdam personifies the Netherlands
Warsaw personifies Poland
Athens personifies Greece
Vienna personifies Austria
Stockholm personifies Sweden

18. European city-scapes differ from North American cities due to:
Urban Geography
The trend in European urbanization is toward U.S. style suburbanization.
European city-scapes differ from North American cities due to:
Long histories
Scarce land
Strong government control of urban land development
The internal spatial structure of the European metropolis consists of the central city and its suburban ring, as in London.

19. Urban Geography
The CBD contains the main concentration of business, government, shopping facilities and wealthiest residences.
Broad residential sectors radiate outward from CBD with considerable class differentiation.
European suburbs are high-density satellite towns or villages surrounded by open countryside that is heavily utilized for recreational purposes.

21. Cultural Geography
The cultural geography of Europe is very diverse and complex.
Europe is a cultural mosaic, based on language and religion.

22. Language Groups
Indo-European Family (Major group, detail in next slide)
Urallic Family
Finnic
Northwest (Finnish, Karelian, Estonian)
Lapp
Ugrian (Hungarian)
Altaic Family – Turkish, in Turkish foothold in Europe
Semitic Family – Maltese, spoken on island of Malta
Basque Family – spoken by the Basques of Southwestern France and Northern Spain

23. Indo-European Family of Languages
Teutonic (Germanic) – English, German-Dutch (Dutch, Flemish and German) and Scandinavian (Swedish, Norwegian, Danish and Icelandic).
Romanic (Latin) – French (French and Walloon), Spanish (Castilian and Catalan), Portuguese (Portuguese and Galician), Italian (Italian and Sardinian), Romansch (Rhaeto-Romanic), Romanian (Romanin and Vlakh). Romania, an outlier of the Roman empire, managed to retain its Romance language.
Slavic – Western Slavic (Polish, Czech and Slovak), Eastern Slavic (Russian, Ukrainian,Byelo-Ruthenian), Southern Slavic (Slovene, Serbo-Croat, Bulgarian)
Baltic – Latvian and Lithuanian
Illyrian -- Albanese
Hellenic -- Greek
Celtic – Irish, Gaelic, Welsh, Breton

24. Religion The predominant religion in Europe is Christianity.
Islam is the predominant religion of Albania, and is the religion of many immigrants to northwestern Europe from the Middle East and North Africa.
Religion as a unifying (centripetal) cultural force has been unable to overcome the disunifying (centrifugal) force of nationalism in Europe.

25. Religion
Christians number 558,729,000 or 76.6% of a total European population of 729,406,000.
Roman Catholicism dominates in southern Europe, Poland and eastern Germany. 286,124,000 or 39.2% of total European population.
Eastern Orthodoxy is the predominant faith in eastern Europe and Greece. 158,775,000 or 21.8% of Europe’s population.
Protestantism (especially Lutheran churches) is the major religion in northern and northwestern Europe. 85,924,000 or 11.8% of the population.
Anglicanism (Episcopalian) number 25,632,000 or 3.5% of Europe's population.
Non Christians:
Islam: 31,401,000 or 4.3% of the total population
Judaism: 2,530,000 or 0.3% of the total population

26. Economic Geography – Primary Sector of Production
Agriculture
High degree of commercialization
Dairy farming and livestock farming
Specialized subtropical crops in Mediterranean Europe.
Major crops
Cereals, with wheat the leading cereal grain
Rye – Germany and Poland
Corn (maize) – Danube plains of Hungary, Romania and Yugoslavia, the Po river valley of Northern Italy and the southwestern lowland of France.
Oats and barley
Irrigated rice

27. Economic Geography – Primary Sector of Production
Fisheries
High degree of commercialization
North sea countries and Iceland
Dogger Bank in the North Sea is a famous fishing ground.
Norway is the European leader in quantity of fish caught.
Europe depends heavily on food imports. It is self-sufficient in milk, potatoes and rye. It imports wheat, corn, oil cake, soybeans, vegetable fats and oils, chilled and frozen meats, cane sugar, cocoa, coffee and tobacco; fibers (cotton and wool predominantly) and natural rubber.

28. Economic Geography – Secondary Sector of Production
Europe produces a wide range of industrial goods, from the most basic to the most technologically advanced.
Globalization has caused major changes in the industrial sector.
Some famous European products are:
Swiss watches
English woolens
Scotch whiskeys
German porcelain and cameras
Bohemian glassware
Irish linens
French wines, brandies and liqueurs

29. Major Industrial Regions of Europe
The “Four Motors of Europe” are:
Southeastern France’s Rhone-Alpes region (anchored by Lyon).
Northern Italy’s Lombardy (anchored by Milan).
Northeastern Spain’s Catalonia (anchored by Barcelona).
Southern Germany's Baden-Württemburg (anchored by Stuttgart).
Other important European industrial regions:
Sweden:
Switzerland:
Poland:
Austria:
Italy: Venice
Spain: Bilbao
Ukraine: Donbas

30. SPATIAL INTERACTION Movement across geographic space
Involves contact of people in two or more places for the purposes of exchanging goods or ideas
Principles
Complementarity
Transferability
Intervening opportunity

31. COMPLEMENTARITY
Two places, through an exchange of goods, can specifically satisfy each other’s demands.
One area has a surplus of an item demanded by a second area.
Germany
Italy

32. TRANSFERABILITY
The ease with which a commodity may be transported or the capacity to move a good at a bearable cost
Rivers, Mountain Passes, Road networks
Advances in transportation technology

33. INTEREVENING OPPORTUNITY
The presence of a nearer source of supply or opportunity that acts to diminish the attractiveness of more distant sources and sites
Would Austrian beer
be cheaper to import
into Italy?

34. The British Isles: Four regions
The South – London is the center.
London is Europe’s largest city (7,650,944 people) and the world’s ninth largest
Metropolitan London has a conurbation area of 12,000,000 inhabitants, one of the worlds largest.
20,000,000 of the 59,800,000 total UK population (33.4%) live in the South region.
The Green Belt (1944) is a zone for recreation and farming set aside to surround London in order to stem and channel the city’s vast urban sprawl

35. The British Isles: Four regions
The North (North of Bristol-Norwich line)
Dominated by economic stagnation following the decline of the industrial base of the country.
50,000 jobs were lost in the 1980s.
Revitalization efforts have met with limited success. Long term impact uncertain.
Suffering cities:
Manchester
Leeds
Sheffield
Birmingham
Liverpool

36. The British Isles: Four regions
Scotland and Wales
Rugged, remote highland territories.
Southern Wales (Cardiff-Swansea) is a depressed industrial region.
Scotland’s industrialization focused on the Clyde and Firth of Forth because of nearby coal, iron ore and the excellent port of Glasgow.

37. The British Isles: Four regions
Northern Ireland
Part of the United Kingdom
Capital city Belfast
Comprises six counties: Antrim, Armaugh, Down, Fermanagh, Londonderry, and Tyrone.
Historical religious conflict between the Catholics and Protestants
Religious make-up:
Catholic 35%
Presbyterian 29%
Church of Ireland 24%
Methodist 5%
Devolution (1976): the disintegration of a nation state as a result of reviving regionalism; the redistribution of authority and the restructuring of the political framework of the United Kingdom; among the proposals under consideration is the creation of a federal state in Britain and Northern Ireland.

38. The Republic of Ireland
The Republic of Ireland is about one-half the size of Arkansas.
Capital city is Dublin.
Geographically, the Irish Central Plain surrounded to the north, south and west hills and low, rounded mountains.
Largely agricultural, 65% of land use is agricultural.
Marked rural poverty
Problem of depopulation.

39. France
Second largest European country (after Ukraine) with an area about 80% the size of Texas.
Shaped like an irregular hexagon.
35% of land use is agricultural.
Geographic features:
Massif Central
The Alps (Mont Blanc, 4807 m. or 15,771 ft.)
The Pyrenees
The Jura Mountains

40. Paris, France
Paris is a classic primate city. Population 2,152,423 inhabitants; metro area population 10,275,000.
It has an excellent site and situation.
Founded on Ile de la Cité on the Seine, a place easy to defend.
Located in the center of a large and prosperous agricultural area.
The focal point of the confluence of several navigable rivers, the Marne, Yonne, and Oise, with the Seine.
Specialized, small scale luxury industries

41. Germany
Following reunification, Germany has a land area of 356,774 sq. km. (134,830 sq. mi.) and a population of 82,400,000 in 2002.
Accessible location due to the navigability of the Rhine and Elbe rivers.
Landforms:
The North German Plain:
Effect of glaciation
Moraines
Terminal moraines east of the Elbe river
The varied terrain of Central and Southern Germany:
Bavarian Alps, Bohemian Forest, Ore Mountains (Erzegebirge), Uplands of Saxony, Black Forest, Oden Forest, Rhine Upland
The Harz Mountains and the Thuringian Forest
The low Jura Upland at the south.

42. Germany: Climate, Soils and Vegetation
Maritime influences prominent in northwest; increasingly continental influences toward the east and south.
Soils higher than average in fertility. Loess and alluvial soils in the Upper Rhine Plain.
Large outputs of lumber, wood pulp. Paper and other forest derived products.

43. Germany: Resources Important industrial minerals:
11.4% of global production of coal.
Ruhr
Saxony
Silesia
20.5% of world production of potash.
5.5% of the world’s crude steel.
4.9% of world aluminum.
2.0% of the world’s pyrites.

44. Benelux Countries Belgium + Netherlands + Luxembourg
Example of making the best of small areas and small populations. High standard of living, high per capita incomes.
Supranationalism:

45. The Netherlands Natives of the Netherlands are known as the Dutch.
Agricultural land of the Netherlands has been reclaimed from the sea and is called polder.
Dutch farming is very intensive and highly specialized, for example tulips and other flowers.
Traditionally, the Dutch have been a seafaring nation with a significant colonial empire in Southeast Asia (Indonesia).
Rotterdam is the world’s largest port city in terms of tonnage handled because it serves the hinterland of the Rhine river.
Rotterdam is a generative city because of the complementary relationship it has with its hinterland.
Rotterdam is a break-in-bulk point for much of the Rhine traffic.

46. Belgium Belgium is inhabited by Dutch speaking Flemings in the North.
The southern inhabitants are French speaking Walloons.
Belgium is officially bilingual.
Belgium is the hub of European supranationalism.

47. Mountain Europe: Switzerland and Austria
Both are landlocked countries framed by the Alps.
Both capitalize on their environments as winter resort destinations for the rest of Europe and the world.
While having similar environments, their historical experiences are quite different.

48. Switzerland
Switzerland has been independent and pursued a policy of strict neutrality since 1815.
Switzerland is the geographical center of Western Europe and straddles three streams of cultural and linguistic influence – Italian, French and German. 64% speak German, 18% speak French, 12% speak Italian and 6% speak Romansch (an ancient dialect of Latin).
Population: 7,200,000; land area ½ that of Austria.
Switzerland is an example of a country that has maximized a mountainous, limited resource base to produce the second highest per capita income -- $39,980 in 2000.
92% of Swiss are employed in non-agricultural pursuits, including precision mechanization and electronics, banking and finance, and tourism.
Swiss farmers practice transhumance or vertical nomadism, the seasonal movement of people and animals from lowland to highland environments in search of pasture.

49. Austria Austria is a vestige of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
Population: 8,100,000, includes southern Germans, Balkan people, Magyars and many other ethnic groups.
Framed by the Danube River valley in the north and the Alps in the south.
Austria is a fraction of its former size. After WW I Austria was carved into independent Hungary, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria and Romania.

50. Nordic Europe
The world’s northernmost group of states: Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Iceland.
Poor relative location – on the way to nowhere.
Except for Denmark, Norden is separated by water from the rest of Europe.
Denmark and southern Sweden are part of the North European Lowland and an exception to the bleak Scandinavian rule.
Climatic conditions are rather severe for most of the area.
In recent years severe environmental pollution has been a problem, especially in southern Norway, which receives more acid rain than it produces via sulfur emissions.
In language, Danish, Swedish and Norwegian are mutually intelligible; Icelandic belongs to the same family; Finnish is totally different.

51. Nordic Europe: Resources
Sweden possesses 2.6% of the world’s deposits of iron ore.
Norway has discovered large deposits of petroleum and natural gas in the North Sea.
Geothermal energy is important in Iceland.
Hydroelectric power generation is important in Norway.
Forest products are important , especially for Finland and Norway.
Fishing is important for Iceland
Norway has a large merchant marine fleet and rich seafaring tradition.

52. MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE
Six Countries: Portugal, Spain, Italy, Greece, Malta, Cyprus
A discontinuous region, lying on three peninsulas, two occupied singly by Greece and Italy, one shared by Spain and Portugal.
Separated by mountains and water from the Western European core.
Common cultural heritage dating from Greco-Roman times .
Mediterranean climate – dry summer subtropical
HOT - DRY SUMMERS
WARM/COOL - MOIST WINTERS

53. MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE: RESOURCES
Soils in Southern Europe are generally poor.
Vegetation:
Maquis (macchia): Many shrubs of medium height, comparable to chaparral in the U.S.
Garigue: Low vegetation less than one foot in height, frequently aromatic.
Mediterranean Europe is generally deficient in mineral wealth. Only scattered deposits of coal, ,iron ore and bauxite.
Italy has great hydroelectric potential.
Recent gains in economic development and industrialization have been in the Po Valley (Italy); Barcelona (Spain) and around Lisbon (Portugal) and Athens (Greece).

54. ITALY MOST POPULATED OF MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES
BEST CONNECTED TO THE EUROPEAN CORE
MOST ECONOMICALLY ADVANCED
DISPLAYS A SHARP NORTH/SOUTH CONTRAST (ANCONA LINE )
MILAN
ITALY’S LARGEST CITY AND MANUFACTURING CENTER
ALSO THE COUNTRY’S FINANCIAL AND SERVICE-INDUSTRY CENTER

55. ITALY ROME VATICAN CITY FOUNDED ABOUT 3,000 YEARS AGO
ATTAINED AN ESTIMATED POPULATION OF 1 MILLION < THE END OF THE 1ST CENTURY AD
ONLY 30,000 PEOPLE BY THE 13TH CENTURY
BECAME ITALY’S CAPITAL IN 1870
CURRENTLY HAS ABOUT 2.6 MILLION PEOPLE
VATICAN CITY
AN ENCLAVE WITHIN ROME
THE HEADQUARTERS OF ROMAN CATHOLICISM
FUNCTIONS AS AN INDEPENDENT ENTITY

56. EASTERN EUROPE (REGIONAL IDENTIFIERS)
EUROPE’S LARGEST REGION
ADJOINS 3 OF 4 OTHER EUROPEAN REGIONS
CONTAINS THE MOST COUNTRIES
INCLUDES EUROPE’S LARGEST STATE -- UKRAINE
INCORPORATES EUROPE’S POOREST COUNTRY -- ALBANIA
IN 1990, NONE OF ITS STATES COULD MEET THE CRITERIA FOR MEMBERSHIP IN THE EU
REACHES INTO THE RUSSIAN ZONE OF INFLUENCE

57. KEY CONCEPTS BALKANIZATION IRREDENTISM ETHNIC CLEANSING DEVOLUTION
SHATTER BELT

58. BALKANIZATION
FROM THE VERB BALKANIZE, WHICH MEANS TO BREAK UP (AS IN A REGION) INTO SMALLER AND OFTEN HOSTILE UNITS
ORIGINATES FROM A MOUNTAIN RANGE IN BULGARIA
APPLIED TO THE SOUTHERN HALF OF EASTERN EUROPE, i.e., THE BALKAN COUNTRIES OF THE BALKAN PENINSULA

59. UNDERLYING FORCES CENTRIFUGAL FORCES CENTRIPETAL FORCES
REFER TO FORCES THAT TEND TO DIVIDE A COUNTRY
Religious, linguistic, ethnic, or ideological differences
CENTRIPETAL FORCES
FORCES THAT UNITE AND BIND A COUNTRY TOGETHER
A strong national culture, shared ideological objectives, and a common faith

60. IRREDENTISM
A POLICY OF CULTURAL EXTENSION AND POLITICAL EXPANSION AIMED AT A NATIONAL GROUP LIVING IN A NEIGHBORING COUNTRY
RIVER & BORDER
MINORITY
POPULATION A
BORDER
ADJUSTMENT B A
COUNTRIES

61. ETHNIC CLEANSING
REFERS TO THE FORCIBLE OUSTER OF ENTIRE POPULATIONS FROM THEIR HOMELANDS BY STRONGER POWERS BENT ON TAKING THEIR TERRITORIES
MINORITY
POPULATION A B A
BORDER
COUNTRIES

62. DEVOLUTION
THE PROCESS WHEREBY REGIONS WITHIN A STATE DEMAND AND GAIN POLITICAL STRENGTH AND GROWING AUTONOMY AT THE EXPENSE OF THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT

63. COUNTRIES FACING THE BALTIC SEA
POLAND
A CLASSIC NATION-STATE
TRADITIONALLY AGRARIAN - WHEAT
POST WWII INDUSTRY - SILESIA
WARSAW - PRIMATE CITY
LITHUANIA
LOST INDEPENDENCE IN 1940, REGAINED IN 1991
KALININGRAD - A RUSSIAN EXCLAVE
LATVIA
SIMILAR HISTORY TO LITHUANIA
CONSTITUTE BARE MAJORITY IN OWN COUNTRY
BELARUS: RUSSIA’S CLOSEST ALLY

64. THE LANDLOCKED CENTER CZECH REPUBLIC SLOVAKIA HUNGARY
The regions most “westernized” country.
PRAGUE- a classic PRIMATE CITY
SLOVAKIA
THE LEAST DEVELOPED, MOST RURAL PART OF “CZECHOSLOVAKIA”
HUNGARY
A NATION-STATE OF 10 MILLION
BUDAPEST- A CLASSIC PRIMATE CITY

65. COUNTRIES FACING THE BLACK SEA
BULGARIA: LIBERATED BY RUSSIA IN 1878
ROMANIA: A FORMER ROMAN PROVINCE; RAW MATERIALS (COAL, IRON ORE, OIL, NATURAL GAS)
MOLDOVA: AGRICULTURAL
UKRAINE: LARGEST AND MOST POPULOUS; AGRICULTURAL AND NATURAL RESOURCES AVAILABLE

66. COUNTRIES FACING THE ADRIATIC SEA
SLOVENIA: FIRST TO SECEDE; ETHNICALLY MOST HOMOGENEOUS
CROATIA
BOSNIA: CENTRALLY POSITIONED
SERBIA: LARGEST AND MOST POPULOUS
MACEDONIA: 65% MACEDONIAN, 21% ALBANIAN
SERBIA-MONTENEGRO: INCLUDES SERBIA, KOSOVO, VOJVODINA, AND MONTENEGRO
ALBANIA: REMNANT OF TURKISH OTTOMAN EMPIRE; 70% MUSLIMS; LOWEST ECONOMIC RANKING IN EUROPE