3. First isolated from chlordane in 1946 1952 – registered as insecticide in US Agricultural insecticide for corn, small grains, and sorghum Also used for termite and household pest control In use from 1953-1973 EPA canceled all uses of heptachlor in 1974, except for killing fire ants in buried power transformers

4. Water Runoff from contaminated fields Dumping from factories Raw Wastewater Rain water (minimal)

5. Hydrolyzed in water to 1-hydroxychlordene and heptachlor epoxide Soil half-life : 6 months to 3.5 years (dependant on soil type, temperature, and humidity) Can undergo photolysis in sunlight to form photoheptachlor Heptachlor epoxide

6. Acute Oral LD 50 for rats: 60-142 mg/kg for heptachlor 34-88 mg/kg for heptachlor expoxide 3.8 mg/kg for photoheptachlor Toxicity to aquatic life: Varies from species to species Most sensitive in early life stages

7. Convulsions Seizures Increased liver weight Hepatitis Tumors Reduced fertility and survival of offspring in rats

8. Diet – especially milk and dairy products Inhalation Dermal exposure For aquatic life: Mainly from diet Diffusion across gill

9. Inhibits the function of GABA A receptor Stops the action of GABA-stimulated Cl - channel which hyperpolarizes neuron to prevent action potential initiation

10. Heptachlor metabolize through oxidation enzyme to form epoxide Elevated levels of CYP45 in American Lobster seen with heptachlor exposure Epoxide and parent compound excreted through urine and feces Study showed radiolabeled heptachlor eliminated in rats mainly via feces.

11. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 2007. Toxicological profile for Heptachlor and Heptachlor Epoxide. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. Caudle, M. W., Richardson, J. R., Wang, M., Miller, G. W., 2005. Perinatal Heptachlor Exposure Increases Expression of Presynaptic Dopaminergic Markers in Mouse Striatum. NeuroToxicology 26 (2005) 721–728. Lummis, S. C. R., Buckingham, S. D., Rauh, J. J., Sattelle, D. B., 1990. Blocking Actions of Heptachlor at an Insect Central Nervous System GABA Receptor. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, Vol. 240, No. 1297 (May 22, 1990), pp. 97-106. Okoumassoun, L., Averill-Bates, D., Marion, M., Denizeau, F., 2003. Possible mechanisms underlying the mitogenic action of heptachlor in rat hepatocytes. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 193 (2003) 356–369. Snyder, J. M., 1998. Identification of a New Cytochrome P450 Family, CYP45, from the Lobster, Homarus americanus, and Expression Following Hormone and Xenobiotic Exposures. ARCHIVES OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPHYSICS Vol. 358, No. 2, October 15, pp. 271–276. Snyder, J. M., Mulder, E. P., 2001. Environmental endocrine disruption in decapod crustacean larvae: hormone titers, cytochrome P450, and stress protein responses to heptachlor exposure. Aquatic Toxicology 55 (2001) 177–190. Wiberg, K., 2001. Enantiospecific Analysis and Environmental Behavior of Chiral Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). http://www.inchem.org/documents/cicads/cicads/cicad70.htm#8.8 http://www.pesticideinfo.org/Detail_Chemical.jsp?Rec_Id=PC35098