1. Based on a Series of Public Lectures, University of Indiana, Bloomington 1972

2. Eshel Ben-Jacob University of Indiana at Bloomington, May 10

3. Why Holograms? In the everyday world, a hologram is a special kind of photograph that generates a full three-dimensional image when it is illuminated in the right manner. All the information describing the 3-D scene is encoded on a two-dimensional piece of film, ready to be regenerated If you cut a hologram in half you will have 2 smaller whole images in each half. The "whole in every part" nature of a hologram provides us with an entirely new way of understanding organization and order.

4. Why Holograms II. Extraction of Relevant Information from Data Assignment of Meaning to Information – Contextual Interpretation Prepare for the Future by Learning from Experience Higher Flexibility for Better Adaptability Identification of Causal Correlations – making sense of Repetitions and Variations Turing, the secrets of Intelligence and Meaning-Based Natural Intelligence

5. Einstein His Universe His Preserved Brain Was it a Special Brain ? And if so, in what sense ? Einstein Who thought in Holograms

6. Einstein’s Brain Like all of us, Einstein’s Brain had: ~ 10 11 Neurons ~ 10 16 Synaptic connections

8. Not only Einstein, but we all generate 4-Dimensional Causal Holograms How? and How can we prove it?

9. Epilepsy – the source of recorded human brain activity Some facts: ~ 1% of the population ~ 30% need operation (usually children) ~ 40% of operations fail ~ ?% of operations cause severe damage Recording of Brain Activity for several weeks before dissection Subdural Grids

10. Recorded Brain Activity Time Voltage Neurology, Surgery and Pediatrics The University of Chicago Vernon L. Towle, Ph.D.

11. The Challenge - Onset Normal (inter ictal) Seizure (ictal)

12. Questions: Looking for “function-follow-form” in action What causes brain cells to go into seizures? Could epileptogenic areas be identified when brain is calm? Can functionally distinct areas of cortex be identified? Can information flow be tracked in the cortex? Can we simplify the complexity ?

13. II. Construction of similarity networks The colors of the lines indicate the similarity The Current Approach mV Time 1 2 3 For example C(1,2) >> C(1,3) Computation of the inter-electrode coherences – C(i,j) The similarity of the activity I. 12 3

14. Typical Results Normal (inter-Ictal)Seizure (Ictal)

15. Additional Approach – Looking at similarity (correlation) matrices (Like the analyses of gene expression data) Normal Ictal

16. Looking for Woozles

17. I. The high dimension space of correlations II. The Associative links III. The 4 dimensional space of maximal information Itay Baruchi John Hunter

18. An N-Dimensional Space Computing the Correlation Distance D(5,37) D(37,13)

19. Associative Link (i,j) = Correlation (i,j) Correlation distance (i,j) A(i,j) ≡ C(i,j)/D(i,j) (Affinity)

20. Interpretation 2 1 3 I II III 2 1 3 I II III Correlation space Affinity space

21. The 3-Dimensional Space + Time of the most relevant information 3-D 1-D The Principal 1D Vector Illustration of the idea from 3-D to 1-D (Principle Component Analysis ; SVD ; Structure Factorization; …) The direction of maximal variation

22. The correlation space The affinity space Geometrical Information Topological Information Construction of the Holograms

23. Inter-Ictal (Normal) Connectivity Network in Real Space Inhibitory Sub-Network Our New Analysis Ictal

24. For the mathematically skeptics Illustration of the significance of the three leading vectors 1+2 2+3 1+3

25. Looking at Larger Domains Seizure Normal

26. Clues about a new holographic principle Intermingled and Orthogonal Causal Holograms In The Space of Associative Links Baruchi and Ben-Jacob

27. Home made holography But what about the brain? It has no laser diodes, no film to write on, no coherent waves, …

28. Coupled Unitary Networks Meditated and Linked coupling neurons ~ 10 12 Glia Cells The missing fabric of the brain Chemical waves Mediated coupling Linked coupling

29. Can the brain do it? Can we show how?

30. Testing the idea in cultured networks

31. Testing the Idea in a Specially Designed Experiment Mediated networksLinked networks

32. Learning from cultured networks

33. Dissection Surgery of Coupled Cultured Networks After Dissection !

34. Clues about Alzheimer Activity of an ‘Old’ Network’ After chemical + Electrical Treatment

35. Hybrid Information Processing In The Neuro-Glia Fabrics (Baruchi&Ben-Jacob, Neuroinformatics) Next, The Role of Mitochondria – The ‘Feminine Connection’ (Ben-Jacob&Shapira, “The Cradle of Creativity”)

36. Mitochondria – The Bacterial Colony inside each of our cells A single MitochondrionA colony of mitochondria in a glia cell

37. How and Where Information and Meanings are Stored? Functional Holography of Gene - Expression Clues about Collective Gene – Expression States ? (with N. Barkai, Weizmann)

38. Clues about our hemispheres ? Lamprey Right side Left side With D. Parker Cambridge

39. Evolutionary Perspective From Motor Control to Information Processing and Intelligence Social Intelligence -> Analytical/Mathematical Intelligence ( with Sheffi, Ayali and Fuchs)

40. Summary The secret of Einstein’s Elegant Brain – four times more glia cells in the “Inferior” part of the cortex Glia – the Missing CPU of Our Brain Neuro-Glia Fabrics – Hybrid Information Processing High Dimension Space of Associative Links Coding and Decoding of Information and Meaning in Causal Holograms The holograms are imprinted in Collective Gene-Expression States Applications: Epilepsy, Alzheimer, Networks-Repair, Mental Skills Improvements, …

42. Beyond Machinery? Meaning-Based Natural Intelligence vs. Information-Based Artificial Intelligence Bacteria - Wednesday talk

43. Ask anybody what the physical world is made of, and you are likely to be told "matter and energy." Information in the Holographic Universe Theoretical results about black holes suggest that the universe could be like a gigantic hologram By Jacob D. Bekenstein Scientific AmericanScientific American August 2003 A current trend, to regard the physical world as made of information, with energy and matter as incidentals.

45. In the everyday world, a hologram is a special kind of photograph that generates a full three-dimensional image when it is illuminated in the right manner. All the information describing the 3-D scene is encoded on a two-dimensional piece of film, ready to be regenerated. Holography may be a guide to a better theory. What is the fundamental theory like? The chain of reasoning involving holography suggests that such a final theory must be concerned with information exchange among physical processes. If so, the vision of information as the stuff the world is made of will have found a worthy embodiment. Boltzmann -> Hasenohrl -> Herzfeld -> Wheeler -> Bekenstein

46. Yet if we have learned anything from engineering, biology and physics, information is just as crucial an ingredient. A ribosome in a cell in can synthesize no proteins without the information brought to it from the DNA in the cell's nucleus. Likewise, a century of developments in physics has taught us that information is a crucial player in physical systems and processes. Indeed, a current trend, initiated by John A. Wheeler is, to regard the physical world as made of information, with energy and matter as incidentals. Ask anybody what the physical world is made of, and you are likely to be told "matter and energy." Information in the Holographic Universe Theoretical results about black holes suggest that the universe could be like a gigantic hologram By Jacob D. Bekenstein Scientific AmericanScientific American August 2003

47. 3[ms] The action potential is transmitted along the axon at a speed of ~2m/s. Synaptic time constants ~1ms Neurons communicate by sending pulses of voltage

49. As Francis Bacon said: “It would be an unsound fancy and self-contradictory to expect, that things which have never yet been done can be done except by means which never have yet been tried”