1. LSP 121 final exam review

2. 1) The Pacific tectonic plate moves at a rate of 4”/year. What is this in miles per hour? 4 in x yr x da x ft x mi yr 365 da 24 hr 12 in 5280 ft 4 miles 365 x 24 x 12 x 5280 hr = 7.2 x 10 -9 mi/hr

3. 2) Convert 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 2 from binary to decimal [SHOW WORK] 10110100 Write powers of 2, right to left, then sum the numbers above the 1’s 1286432168421 10110100 128 + 32 + 16 + 4 = 180 (ans)

4. 3) Convert 3 8 F 2 16 from hex to decimal [SHOW WORK] 38F2 Put powers of 16 (right to left) above the cells. 16 0 = 1, 16 1 = 16, 16 3 = 256, 16 4 = 4096 Multiply lower number times upper number. Remember A = 10, B = 11, C = 12, … F = 15 Add these four products.

5. Converting base 16 to decimal 4096256161 00 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 10A 11B 12C 13D 14E 15F DEC HEX

6. There is 1/36 chance of rolling two sixes P(not A) = 1 – P(A) 1 – 1/36 = 35/36 or.972 4) What is the probability of NOT rolling a double-6 with two dice?

7. odds are calculated by using P(A) / P(not A) Odds for event A = 0.98 / 0.02 = 49/1 or 49 to 1 Odds for event B = 0.94 / 0.06 = 15.67/1 or 15.7 to 1 5) Suppose event A has a 0.98 probability of occurring and event B has a 0.94 probability of occurring. Compute the ODDS for event A and the ODDS for event B

8. Probability of multiple events is calculated by the product of the probabilities ½ * ½ * ½ * ½ * ½ = 1/32 or.031 You can also show: (1/2) 5 = 1/32 6) What is the probability of the next 5 births at a hospital all being girls?

9. simply 1/30 What is the probability that Peoria will be hit by tornados in three consecutive years? 1/30 * 1/30 * 1/30 = 1/27,000 at least once in the next 30 years? 1 – (not A) 30 = 1 – (29/30) 30 = ANS =.64 [.6383 ] 7) If Peoria, IL is hit by a tornado about every 30 years, what is the probability that Peoria will be hit by a tornado this year?

10. For CA 227,381 deaths / 30,000,000 ppl = 0.00758 multiply this by 1000 = 7.58 deaths / 1000 For AK 2,911 deaths / 550,000 ppl = 0.005293 multiply this by 1000 = 5.29 deaths / 1000 Don’t forget to answer the questions included with this problem 8) see problem

11. 9a) How many different license plates are possible if you have plates with 3 letters followed by 3 numerals? 26 10 Use 6 boxes and enter the possible number of values for each part of the license plate: Multiply these numbers and you get: 17,576,000 possible plates

12. Use 10 boxes and the possible notes per box: 9b) How many different 10-note “tunes” can be created from the notes A, B, C, D, E, F and G? 7777777777 Multiply or calculate 7 10 and you get 282,475,249 possible “tunes”

13. problem 10 Lottery ticket costs $2, so you start with -2 * 1, then add the possible ‘wins’ 2*1/50 + 1,000*1/2,000 + 2,000*1/4,000 + 20,000*1/40,000 … -$2 +.04 +.50 +.50 +.50 expected value = - 0.96 you lose

14. Problems 11, 12 If you get a problem like 10 or 11 on the exam you will be given the Excel formula required to do the calculations remember, in Excel =log(x,b) means the log of ‘x’, base ‘b’

15. Note signal =.4 and noise =.0002 in Excel set up 2 columns 1000 to 10,000 increments of 500, and = cell * log ((1 +.4/.0002),2), looks like with 1000 in cell A1, 1500 in cell A2 11) use Excel to work this out, see below Frequency (Hz)Bits per second 1000=A1*log((1+.4/.0002),2) 1500=A2*log((1+.4/.0002),2) 2000=A2*log((1+.4/.0002),2) indicates base 2

16. Note W =frequency and M = 8 in Excel set up 2 columns 1000 to 10,000 increments of 500, and = 2 * cell * log (8,2), looks like with 1000 in cell A1, 1500 in cell A2 12) use Excel to work this out, similar to 11), see below BandwidthData rate in Hertz 1000=2*A1*log(8,2) 1500=2*A2*log(8,2) 2000=2*A3*log(8,2)

17. 13. Programming question keep track of the value of i and j and work through the nested loops total number of outputs: 40 start with this ijOUTPUT.SCREEN i,j 111 121212 131 3 212121 222 2 … etc

18. another method.. You can enter the following as ‘code’ in VBA for Excel FOR i = 1 TO 4 FOR j = 1 TO 3 MsgBox i & “ “ & j Next j Next i Then ‘Run’ the macro in Excel Notice there will be 4 x 3 outputs (12)

19. Standard HTML ….. contents of body DO NOT REPEAT html, head, or body

20. Insert javascript in webpage The following is a ‘trigger’ in HTML code that signals some javascript (what is in italics is explanatory and not actual code … java script code follows is used to end the javascript part

21. Macros and VBA relates to question 14, 15 macro is best used when –you have to repeat a complex operation –a single operation involves many steps –for simulations given: CELLS(2,3) = CELLS(2,3)+4 –this will add 4 to contents of cell row 2, column 3; that sum is put in cell(2,3)

22. What is an algorithm, #16 An orderly sequence of steps that can be followed to produce a desired result Algorithms are used in –manufacturing –testing –computer programming languages –making decisions

23. Q 17, risk analysis First note what is GIVEN –expected probability of cancer 1/6000 = 0.017% –reliability of test = 75% –number of people with tumors = 10,000 To find: –percentage that will receive a true positive –percentage that will receive a false negative

24. Use the 5 steps to complete the matrix Beginning of matrix: Tumor is cancerous Tumor is benign Totals Positive 75% of 1.67 = 1.25 true positives Negative false negatives 75% of 9998.33 = 7498.75 Total 1/6000 * 10000 = 1.67 9998.3310,000 Find the 4 missing values (the true positives and true negatives have been filled in).

25. Now find Percentage of true positives –1.25 divided by total positives (express this as a percentage) Percentage of false negatives –false negatives are negative test results which in fact are cancerous (not calculated yet) –divide this by the total number of negatives (far right column in negative row)