Chapter 2 The Basic Concepts of Set Theory

Name: Chapter 2 The Basic Concepts of Set Theory
Uploaded: 2017-07-15T21:05:54+00:00
Duration: PTM30S1
Description: Chapter 2 The Basic Concepts of Set Theory

Chapter 2 The Basic Concepts of Set Theory
© 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved

Chapter 2: The Basic Concepts of Set Theory
2.1 Symbols and Terminology 2.2 Venn Diagrams and Subsets 2.3 Set Operations and Cartesian Products 2.4 Surveys and Cardinal Numbers 2.5 Infinite Sets and Their Cardinalities © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved

Section 2-1 Chapter 1 Symbols and Terminology

Symbols and Terminology
Designating Sets Sets of Numbers and Cardinality Finite and Infinite Sets Equality of Sets © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved

© 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved
Designating Sets A set is a collection of objects. The objects belonging to the set are called the elements, or members of the set. Sets are designated using: 1) word description, the listing method, and set-builder notation. © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved

Designating Sets Word description The set of even counting numbers less than 10 The listing method {2, 4, 6, 8} Set-builder notation {x|x is an even counting number less than 10} © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved

Designating Sets Sets are commonly given names (capital letters). A = {1, 2, 3, 4} The set containing no elements is called the empty set (null set) and denoted by { } or To show 2 is an element of set A use the symbol © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved

Example: Listing Elements of Sets
Give a complete listing of all of the elements of the set {x|x is a natural number between 3 and 8} Solution {4, 5, 6, 7} © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved

Sets of Numbers Natural (counting) {1, 2, 3, 4, …} Whole numbers {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, …} Integers {…,–3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3, …} Rational numbers May be written as a terminating decimal, like 0.25, or a repeating decimal like 0.333… Irrational {x | x is not expressible as a quotient of integers} Decimal representations never terminate and never repeat. Real numbers {x | x can be expressed as a decimal} © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved

Cardinality The number of elements in a set is called the cardinal number, or cardinality of the set. The symbol n(A), read “n of A,” represents the cardinal number of set A. © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved

Finite and Infinite Sets
If the cardinal number of a set is a particular whole number, we call that set a finite set. Whenever a set is so large that its cardinal number is not found among the whole numbers, we call that set an infinite set. © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved

Example: Infinite Set The odd counting numbers are an infinite set. Word description The set of all odd counting numbers Listing method {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, …} Set-builder notation {x|x is an odd counting number} © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved

Equality of Sets Set A is equal to set B provided the following two conditions are met: 1. Every element of A is an element of B, AND 2. Every element of B is an element of A. © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved

Example: Equality of Sets
State whether the sets in each pair are equal. a) {a, b, c, d} and {a, c, d, b} b) {2, 4, 6} and {x|x is an even number} © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved

Section 2.1: Symbols and Terminology
Which of the following is an example of set- builder notation? a) The counting numbers less than 5 b) {1, 2, 3, 4} c) {x | x is a counting number less than 5} © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved

Section 2.1: Symbols and Terminology
2. Are sets {6, 7, 8} and {7, 8, 6} equal? a) Yes b) No © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved

Section 2-2 Chapter 1 Venn Diagrams and Subsets

Venn Diagrams and Subsets
Complement of a Set Subsets of a Set Proper Subsets Counting Subsets © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved

Venn Diagrams In set theory, the universe of discourse is called the universal set, typically designated with the letter U. Venn Diagrams were developed by the logician John Venn (1834 – 1923). In these diagrams, the universal set is represented by a rectangle and other sets of interest within the universal set are depicted as circular regions. © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved

Complement of a Set The colored region inside U and outside the circle is labeled A' (read “A prime”). This set, called the complement of A, contains all elements that are contained in U but not in A. A U © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved

Complement of a Set For any set A within the universal set U, the complement of A, written A', is the set of all elements of U that are not elements of A. That is © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved

Set Equality (Alternative Definition)
Suppose that A and B are sets. Then A = B if © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved

Example: Proper Subsets
Decide whether or both could be placed in each blank to make a true statement. a) {a, b, c} ___ { a ,b, c, d} b) {1, 2, 3, 4} ___ {1, 2, 3, 4} © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved

Counting Subsets One method of counting subsets involves using a tree diagram. The figure below shows the use of a tree diagram to find the subsets of {a, b}. Yes No {a, b} {a} {b} Yes No Yes No © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved

Example: Number of Subsets
Find the number of subsets and the number of proper subsets of the set {m, a, t, h, y}. © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved

Section 2.2: Venn Diagrams and Subsets
1. Find the complement of {m} if U = {m, n}. a) {m} b) {n} c) U d) © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved

Section 2.2: Venn Diagrams and Subsets
2. Find the number of subsets of { $, }. a) 0 b) 3 c) 6 d) 8 © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved

Section 2-3 Chapter 1 Set Operations and Cartesian Products

Set Operations and Cartesian Products
Intersection of Sets Union of Sets Difference of Sets Ordered Pairs Cartesian Product of Sets Venn Diagrams De Morgan’s Laws © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved

Example: Intersection of Sets
Find each intersection. a) b) © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved

Example: Difference of Sets
Let U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h}, A = {a, b, c, e, h}, B = {c, e, g}, and C = {a, c, d, g, e}. Find each set. a) b) © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved

Ordered Pairs In the ordered pair (a, b), a is called the first component and b is called the second component. In general Two ordered pairs are equal provided that their first components are equal and their second components are equal. © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved

Cartesian Product of Sets
The Cartesian product of sets A and B, written, is © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved

Example: Finding Cartesian Products
Let A = {a, b}, B = {1, 2, 3} Find each set. a) b) © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved

Cardinal Number of a Cartesian Product
If n(A) = a and n(B) = b, then © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved

Example: Finding Cardinal Numbers of Cartesian Products
If n(A) = 12 and n(B) = 7, then find © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved

Venn Diagrams of Set Operations
B A B U U A A B U U © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved

Example: Shading Venn Diagrams to Represent Sets
Draw a Venn Diagram to represent the set © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved

Section 2.3: Set Operations and Cartesian Products
1. If U = {a, b, c} and A = {a} then find a) A b) {b, c} c) U d) © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved

Section 2.3: Set Operations and Cartesian Products
2. Which choice indicates the shaded region below? a) b) c) E G H U © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved

Section 2-4 Chapter 1 Surveys and Cardinal Numbers

Surveys and Cardinal Numbers
Cardinal Number Formula © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved

Surveys Problems involving sets of people (or other objects) sometimes require analyzing known information about certain subsets to obtain cardinal numbers of other subsets. The “known information” is often obtained by administering a survey. © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved

Example: Analyzing a Survey
Suppose that a group of 140 people were questioned about particular sports that they watch regularly and the following information was produced. 93 like football 40 like football and baseball 70 like baseball 25 like baseball and hockey 40 like hockey 28 like football and hockey 20 like all three a) How many people like only football? b) How many people don’t like any of the sports? © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved

Example: Analyzing Data in a Table
On a given day, breakfast patrons were categorized according to age and preferred beverage. The results are summarized on the next slide. There will be questions to follow. © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved

(C) (J) (T) Totals (Y) 15 22 18 55 (M) 30 25 77 (O) 45 24 91 90 69 64 223 Using the letters in the table, find the number of people in each of the following sets. a) b) © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved

Section 2-5 Chapter 1 Infinite Sets and Their Cardinalities

Infinite Sets and Their Cardinalities
One-to-One Correspondence and Equivalent Sets The Cardinal Number (Aleph-Null) Infinite Sets Sets That Are Not Countable © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved

One-to-One Correspondence and Equivalent Sets
A one-to-one correspondence between two sets is a pairing where each element of one set is paired with exactly one element of the second set and each element of the second set is paired with exactly one element of the first set. © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved

Example: One-to-One Correspondence
For sets {a, b, c, d} and {3, 7, 9, 11} a pairing to demonstrate one-to-one correspondence could be {a, b, c, d} {3, 7, 9, 11} © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved

The Cardinal Number The basic set used in discussing infinite sets is the set of counting numbers, {1, 2, 3, …}. The set of counting numbers is said to have the infinite cardinal number (aleph-null). © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved

Example: Showing That {2, 4, 6, 8,…} Has Cardinal Number
To show that another set has cardinal number we show that it is equivalent to the set of counting numbers. {1, 2, 3, 4, …, n, …} {2, 4, 6, 8, …,2n, …} © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved

Infinite Sets A set is infinite if it can be placed in a one-to-one correspondence with a proper subset of itself. The whole numbers, integers, and rational numbers have cardinal number © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved

Section 2.5: Infinite Sets and Their Cardinalities
The set {1, 7, 11, 15, 19, …} is equivalent to a) the rational numbers. b) the irrational numbers. c) the reals. © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved

Chapter 2 The Basic Concepts of Set Theory

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "Chapter 2 The Basic Concepts of Set Theory"— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback

Log in

Auth with social network:

Chapter 2 The Basic Concepts of Set Theory

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "Chapter 2 The Basic Concepts of Set Theory"— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback