1. FSKTM Sistem-Multipemproses Apakah faedah sistem multi-pemproses?....a LAN? Memory Unit CPU 1CPU 2CPU 3IOP 1IOP 2...or a single system with many processors?

2. FSKTM Sistem Multipemproses Sistem multipemproses yg sebenar ialah suatu sistem yg berbilang pemproses dlm satu hos yg sama, sama2 beroperasi utk mencapai truput yg lbh baik drps satu pemproses.

3. FSKTM Approaches To Building Powerful Systems Penggunaan pendekatan single high performance processor memerlukan penekanan dan sokongan teknologi litar berkelajuan tinggi. Ini susah utk direkabentuk dan penyelenggaraannya mahal Senang digunakan jk dipandang dr sudut perisian. atau

4. FSKTM Approaches To Building Powerful Systems Menggunakan pendekatan multiple conventional processors, ini perlu memfokus kpd peningkatan truput dgn kaedah parallel processing. Pemproses individu tidak kompleks Parallel processing - ok tetapi, Sukar utk bhgkan aplikasi ke tugasan2 yg kecil supaya diproses serentak Penjadualan dan kordinasi memerlukan perisian yang sofisikated

5. FSKTM Kebaikan Sistem Multi-pemproses Ekonomik yakni peningkatan keupayaan komputer dgn hanya sedikit kos tambahan(jk m’gunakan pemproses konventional yg murah) Meningkatnya kebolehpercayaan sistem disbbkan adanya lewahan (redundancy) (yakni multiple-processors).

6. FSKTM Keburukkan Sistem Multi - pemproses Agihan tugasan2 antara pemproses2 Salingsambungan ant pemproses (topologi) Pengurusan memori (dlm ertikata penggunaan memori) yg komplex avoidance of deadlock and control of I/O resources Senibina berkemungkinan sesuai bg masalah tertentu tapi bukan utk semua masalah.

7. FSKTM Forms of Parallel Processing Single-Instruction Single-Data (SISD), a normal conventional single processor system Single-Instruction Multiple-Data (SIMD), memproses sacara tatasusun ‘array processing’, binaan disekitar pusat pemproses mengawal tatasusun bg special purpose processors Multiple-Instruction Single-Data (MISD), Secara teoritikal ia melaksanakan multi-operasi secara selasi dalam satu aliran data tunggal berserta dgn pemproses bertalianpaip. Buat masa ini tiada sistem berjenis ini. Multiple-Instruction Multiple-Data (MIMD), setiap pemproses mempunyai set arahan sendiri pada struktur datanya. Pemproses blh mencapai memori setempat yg lain melalui sistem I/O (Most of the commercial multiprocessor systems are of MIMD system).

8. FSKTM Multiprocessor System Characteristics Gandingan ‘coupling’ ant pemproses2. Tightly coupled, pemproses2 direkabentuk supaya merujuk kpd common buses dan memory area (global memory) utk pertukaran large quantities of data yg bertubi-bertubi (pantas). Potential speed Complexity of the hardware and software Loosely coupled, pemproses2 melakukan pertukaran data melalui rangkaian I/O. Setiap pemprose ada memorinya sendiri. Slower data rate Simplifies the hardware design

9. FSKTM Multiprocessor System Characteristics Topologi Sistem (paparan fizikal pemproses2), yakni bgmn pemproses2 disusun dan berkomunikasi diantara satu sama lain. Sistem multipemproses blh dikategori berdasarkan topologinya (method of interlinking the processors together). Topologi2nya ialah:- Time-shared common bus Multi-port memory Crossbar switch Multi-stage switching network Hyper-cube system

10. FSKTM Time-Shared common bus Memory Unit CPU 1CPU 2CPU 3IOP 1IOP 2 The total overall transfer rate within the system is very much restricted by the speed of the single path

11. FSKTM Multiple Bus Structure Global Memory Bus Controller CPUIOP Local Memory Local Bus Bus Controller CPUIOP Local Memory Local Bus System Bus

12. FSKTM Multi-port Memory CPU 1 MM1 CPU 2 CPU 3 CPU 4 MM2MM3MM4

13. FSKTM Cross-bar Switch CPU 1 MM1 CPU 2 CPU 3 CPU 4 MM2MM3MM4 Crossbar switch organization supports simultaneous transfers from all memory modules because there is a separate path associated with each module

14. FSKTM Multistage Switching Network stage1stage2 stage3 D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 S0 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7

15. FSKTM 2 X 2 Switch ABAB ABAB ABAB ABAB 0101 0101 0101 0101 Operation of a 2 X 2 interchange switch

16. FSKTM Hyper-cube System A hyper-cube system is a loosely coupled system which comprises of N (2 n ) processors in an n- dimensional cube form. For Example, If a system has sixteen (N) processors, the hyper- cube system is an n-dimensional system, whereby, N = 2 n 2 n =16 n = log 16 log 2 n = 4

17. FSKTM Hyper-cube System 0 1 n = 1 (One Cube) 11 01 00 10 n = 2 (Two Cube)

18. FSKTM Hyper-cube System 110 111 101 100 010 000 001 011 The first practical hyper-cube was built in 1983 (Called the Cosmic Cube) and was created using 64 units of the 8086 microprocessor (together with the 8087 coprocessor)

19. FSKTM Operating System Master/Slave OS, OS tuggal dilarikan pd master processor dan yg lain akan menerima tugasan daripadanya (slaves). Distributed OS, setiap pemproses melarikan Osnya sendiri, atau setiap pemproses boleh mencapai common OS melalui perkongsian memori. ( High Reliability)

20. FSKTM Cache Coherency Isu yang berkaitan dgn data disimpan dalam sistem multiprocessor, dan samada data didapati dr memori, sah atau tidak. Global Memory Interconnection Network CPU CACHE CPU CACHE

21. FSKTM Cache Coherency Solution Methods of solving cache coherency problems:- Tidak membenarkan private cache, tumpukan kpd penggunaan shared cache area ( increases the average memory access time ) Membenar penggunaan cache, ttp hy digunakan utk menyimpan data yg tidak dikongsi dan read only data ( cachable data ) Membenarkan data dikongsi kecuali ttp hy satu pemproses blh Read/Write data dalam cachenya dalam satu masa. gunakan snoopy cache protocol (which is a hardware solution).