1. Reproductive System
Ch 27

2. Difference between Meiosis and Mitosis

3. Meiosis I
Interphase
Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telephase I

4. Meiosis II
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telephase II

5. Male Reproductive System

6. Human reproduction involves intricate anatomy and complex behavior
Reproductive Anatomy of the Human Male.
External:
- penis
- scrotum
Internal:
- gonads
- accessory sex glands and ducts.

7. Male Reproductive System

8. Testes

9. Male Reproductive System

10. Male Reproductive System

11. External structure of the penis:
glans penis
prepuce (foreskin)
There is no verifiable health benefit to circumcision.

12. Circumcision foreskin glans penis urethral opening sutures shaft
corona

13. The engorgement of the penis with blood causes an erection.
The penis is composed of three layers of spongy erectile tissue.
During sexual arousal the erectile tissue fills with blood from arteries.
The resultant increased pressure seals off the veins that drain the penis.
The engorgement of the penis with blood causes an erection.
urethra

14. Testes are the male gonads.
seminiferous tubules- form sperm
Leydig cells (interstitial cells)- produce androgens (ex. Testosterone, ABP).

15. Testes are located in the scrotum, outside the body cavity.
This keeps testicular temperature cooler than the body cavity.
The testes develop in the body cavity and descend into the scrotum just before birth.

16. Sperm Pathway
Membranous urethra
Prostatic urethra

17. seminal vesicle prostate gland bulbourethral gland Semen
Seminal fluid is thick, yellowish, and alkaline.
It contains mucus, fructose, a coagulating enzyme, ascorbic acid, and prostaglandins.
Accessory glands:
seminal vesicle
prostate gland
bulbourethral gland

18. Contains fructose, asorbic acid, coagulating enzyme, prostaglandin
Seminal vesicle:
A pair of glands that secrete a liquid component of semen into the vas deferens.
Secretion is alkaline
Contains fructose, asorbic acid, coagulating enzyme, prostaglandin
Seminal Vesicle

19. Prostate gland:
Location- surrounds and opens into the urethra where it leaves the bladder.
Secretion- slightly alkaline fluid that activates the sperm and prevents them from sticking together
Prostate problems are common in males over 40.
Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers in men.
Prostate

20. Bulbourethral gland (Cowper’s gland):
Location- paired glands that lie beneath the prostate
Secretion- a thick, clear alkaline mucous that drains into the membranous urethra.
Function- It acts to wash residual urine out of the urethra when ejaculating semen-- raises pH; neutralizes acidity of urine.
Bulbourethral gland

21. Ejaculation
Ejaculation propels sperm from the epididymis to the vas deferens.
The vas deferens run from the scrotum and behind the urinary bladder.
Here each vas deferens joins with a duct from the seminal vesicle to form an ejaculatory duct.
The ejaculatory ducts open into the urethra.
The urethra drains both the excretory and reproductive systems.

22. Ejaculate
A male usually ejaculates about 2 – 5 mL of semen; each milliliter containing about 50 – 130 million sperm.
Bulbourethral fluid also carries some sperm released before ejaculation.
This is one of the reasons why the withdrawal method of birth control has a high failure rate.

23. Spermatogenesis

25. Mature Spermatozoa
acrosome
head
nucleus
tail
mitochondria

26. Seminiferous Tubules

27. Seminiferous Tubules Spermatids Spermatozoa 1º spermatocyte
Sertoli/
sustenacular cell 2º
spermatocyte 1º
spermatocyte
spermatogonium
Interstitial
cells

28. Sperm Maturation & Development

29. Hormones Involved in Spermatogenesis
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone (ICSH=LH)
Testosterone
Inhibin
ABP

30. Hormonal Control of Spermatogenesis
Hypothalamus
GnRH
Anterior Pituitary
ICSH
FSH

31. Hormonal Control of Spermatogenesis
ICSH
Interstitial Cells
Testosterone

32. Hormonal Control of Spermatogenesis
FSH
Testosterone
Sertoli Cells
Spermatogenesis
Inhibin

33. Hormonal Control of Spermatogenesis
Feedback Inhibition
Inhibin
Acts on anterior pituitary
Inhibits FSH production
Testosterone
Acts on hypothalamus
Inhibits GnRH production

34. Some Other Effects of Testosterone
muscle and bone growth
facial and pubic hair growth
thickening of vocal cords
growth of pharyngeal cartilage
hair follicle effects
stimulates sebaceous glands
Increased BMR

35. Vasectomy

36. Female Reproductive System

37. Female Reproductive System
uterine tube
Ovary
uterus
cervix
Bladder
vagina
clitoris
urethra
l. majora
l. minora

38. Internal reproductive: Vagina Cervix
Fallopian tube (uterian tube/oviducts)
Fimbrae
Ovary
Uterus
Endometrium
Myometrium
Perimetrium
uterus
uterine tube
ovary
endometrium
fimbriae
myometrium
perimetrium
cervix
vagina

39. Fimbrae & Fallopian Tube

40. Oogenesis in the Ovary

41. Oogenesis
Ovary- contains 400,000 oocytes; release about 500 in a lifetime
Ovary- under influence of FSH. The follicles mature every 28 days
Primary follicle produces estrogens
And primary oocyte completes its 1st division produces 2ndary oocyte and polar body

42. Oogenesis
Aprox 1/2 way through the 28 day cycle the follicle reaches the mature Vesticular or Graffian follicle stage.

43. Oogenesis
Estrogen levels rise and release LH and FSH and triggers ovulation.

44. Oogenesis
The 2ndary oocyte travels down the uterine tube to the uterus.
If fertilized by sperm, it will produce a zygote
Ovum in uterine tube

45. Ectopic Pregnancy
In most pregnancies, the fertilized egg travels through the fallopian tube to the womb (uterus). Anything that blocks or slows the movement of this egg through these tubes can lead to ectopic pregnancy:
Birth defect in the fallopian tubes
Scarring after a ruptured appendix
Endometriosis
Having an ectopic pregnancy before
Scarring from past infections or surgery of the female organs
The following also increase your risk of an ectopic pregnancy:
Age over 35
Getting pregnant while having an intrauterine device (IUD)
Had surgery to untie tubes (tubal sterilization) to become pregnant
Having had many sexual partners
Some infertility treatments 
Having your tubes tied (tubal ligation) - more likely 2 or more years after the procedure
Had surgery to untie tubes in order to get pregnant
Sometimes the cause is unknown. Hormones may play a role.
The most common site for an ectopic pregnancy is within one of the two fallopian tubes. In rare cases, ectopic pregnancies can occur in the ovary, abdomen, or cervix.
An ectopic pregnancy can occur even if you use birth control.

46. Ovarian Cyst
Cysts are fluid-filled sacs that can form in the ovaries. They are very common. They are particularly common during the childbearing years.
There are several different types of ovarian cysts. The most common is a functional cyst. It forms during ovulation. That formation happens when either the egg is not released or the sac -- follicle -- in which the egg forms does not dissolve after the egg is released.
Other types of cysts include:
Polycystic ovaries. In polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the follicles in which the eggs normally mature fail to open and cysts form.
Endometriomas. In women with endometriosis, tissue from the lining of the uterus grows in other areas of the body. This includes the ovaries. It can be very painful and can affect fertility.
Cystadenomas. These cysts form out of cells on the surface of the ovary. They are often fluid-filled.
Dermoid cysts. This type of cyst contains tissue similar to that in other parts of the body. That includes skin, hair, and teeth.

47. Endometriosis
In some women, endometrial tissue grows outside the uterus. Growths may form on the ovaries, fallopian tubes, bladder, intestines, and other parts of the body. When it's time for your period, these clumps break down, but the tissue has no way to leave the body. While this is rarely dangerous, it can cause pain and produce scar tissue that may make it tough to get pregnant. There are treatments for endometriosis, but there is no cure.

48. Oogenesis

49. Hormones Involved in the Female Reproductive Cycle
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Estrogen
Progesterone
Inhibin
Relaxin

50. Female Hormonal Cycle
Hypothalamus
GnRH
Anterior Pituitary LH
FSH

51. Female Hormonal Cycle
FSH LH
Follicle Cells
Estrogen

53. The Uterine Cycle

56. Hormone Fluctuation

57. Some Other Effects of Estrogen
breast development
external genitalia growth
bone growth
fat deposition
Increase protein anabolism
Decrease blood cholesterol
Facilitate calcium uptake
Promotes hydration of skin
Feminizes brain

58. Menopause: cessation of ovarian and menstrual cycles.
Usually occurs between ages 46 and 54.
Due to ovaries decreased responsiveness to gonadotropins.
Menopause affects:
changes in sexual desire
triggers mood swings
causes debilitating hot flashes
may lead to bone and heart problems
short-term memory loss
insomnia

59. Mammary glands.
Are present in both males and females.
Are not a component of the reproductive system.
Contain epithelial tissue that secrete milk.
Milk drains into a series of ducts opening at the nipple.

60. Mammary Gland

61. Life’s Greatest Miracle

62. INQUIRY Where are sperm cells formed within the testes?
What portion of the sperm contains 23 chromosomes?
What 3 accessory glands produce seminal fluid?
What is the term for the primary human sex organs?
What structure is formed following ovulation?
6. What hormones are produced from the corpus luteum?
7. List several effective means for preventing conception.