1. Abused Drugs From Plant Source
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
Abused Drugs From Plant Source By
Nagwa Shoeib
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Pharmacognosy
Faculty of Pharmacy

2. Topics of the lecture Definitions Classes of abused drugs
Narcotic analgesics: opium
Depressants: Alcohol
Hallucinogens: LSD, morning glories, magic mushrooms, peyote & cannabis
Stimulants: Cocaine, Khat & tobacco.
Conclusion

3. Drug abuse and Addiction
Intake of drugs for reasons other than medical in a manner that affects physical or mental functioning is termed drug abuse.
Any abuse can lead to addiction.

4. Tolerance refers to a condition where the user needs more and more of the drug to experience the same effect.
Dependence (physical and psychological ).
The person becomes dependent and starts feeling uncomfortable in the absence of the drug.
Withdrawal symptoms – When the drug intake is stopped, withdrawal symptoms are experienced.
Physical as tremors and vomiting.
Psychological as restlessness or depression.

5. Abused drugs from plant source
A - Narcotic Analgesics
B - Depressants
C - Hallucinogens
D - Stimulants

6. A - Narcotic Analgesics
Narcotic agents are potent
analgesics which are effective
for the relief of severe pain
Opium is the milky exudate of the unripe capsules of the opium poppy (Papaver Somniferum).
Opium

7. Opium
Opium contains more than 30 alkaloids of which the major components are morphine, codeine, thebaine, papaverine and noscapine.
The plant was cultivated in the ancient civilizations of Persia, Egypt and Mesopotamia.

8. Morphine
Morphine exerts a narcotic action manifested by analgesia, drowsiness, changes in mood, and mental clouding.
Morphine remains one of the most valuable analgesics for relief of severe pain.

9. Codeine
It effectively depresses the cough centre, so has valuable antitussive action, helping to relieve and prevent coughing.
Codeine is a relatively safe non-addicting medium analgesic.
Codeine = 1/10
the potency of morphine

10. Heroin
A potent semisynthetic narcotic which is derived from morphine. Heroin has been estimated six times stronger than morphine.
Heroin was synthesized in the Bayer Laboratory in Germany by the chemist, Heinrich Dreser. It was supposed to function as a pain reliever that would be more powerful and less addictive than morphine.

11. Route of administration
Heroin
Route of administration
Heroin can be snorted, injected or smoked
Effect of the drug:
Euphoria
Drowsiness
Dry mouth, dry skin
Constipation
Respiratory depression
Slowed heart rate and drop in blood pressure
Overdose of heroin can cause convulsions, coma and death

12. Withdrawal Symptoms • Disorientation • Runny nose Watery eyes
• Diarrhea
Insomnia
• Pain/muscle cramps
• Alternating chills and profuse sweating

13. B- Depressants Alcohol
Drugs which depress or slow down the functions of the central nervous system
Ethanol CH3–CH2–OH
Ethyl alcohol is prepared by different methods, one of them is through fermentation of sugars in presence of yeast.
Alcohol

14. Effect of Alcohol Relief from anxiety and tension Euphoria
Poor motor coordination
Impaired concentration and judgment
Slurred speech and blurred vision
Sedation, sleep with larger doses
Prolonged use leads to liver cirrhosis, cancer

15. Withdrawal Symptoms Tremors Insomnia Irritability and restlessness
Hallucinations
Convulsions

16. Lysergic Acid Diethylamide
C- Hallucinogens
Hallucinogens are drugs which affect perception, emotions and mental processes
LSD is one of the most powerful hallucinogens that radically changes a person’s mental state by distorting the perception of reality.
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide
LSD

17. Ergot & LSD
Ergot is a fungal disease of rye, barley and wheat caused by fungi Cleviceps purpurea.
The disease appears as a blackish-purple club shaped growth (sclerotium).
Ergot body contains a number
of alkaloids including lysergic acid
(from which LSD is made),
ergotamine and ergometrine.

18. LSD
LSD is usually taken orally. Sometimes it is injected or inhaled as well.
An effective oral dose is from 30 to 50 µg.
Experiences can vary from beautiful visions to living nightmares.
Although the drug is not addictive, it can lead to schizophrenia and there is a danger of serious physical accidents.
Lysergic acid
LSD

19. Morning Glories Ipomoea tricolor Ipomoea burmanni
The seeds contain the alkaloid ergine (d-lysergic acid amide), better known as natural LSD.
Lysergic acid amide

20. Magic Mushrooms Psilocybe
Psilocybe cubensis, This species contains psilocybin a hallucinogenic toxin.
Magic Mushrooms

21. Fly Agaric (Amanita muscaria)
The principle toxin is ibotenic acid, Ibotenic acid is converted to the more powerful form muscimol in the body
ibotenic acid
muscimol

22. Peyote
Peyote comes from the crowns of a cactus (Lophophora williamsii).
The active ingredient is mescaline.

23. Indian hemp (Cannabis sativa)
Cannabis (both depressant and hallucinogen).
Indian hemp (Cannabis sativa)
Marijuana
Hashish
Hashish oil

24. Marijuana
Marijuana is a tobacco like substance produced by drying the leaves and flowering tops of the cannabis plant.
The major constituents are termed cannabinoids, the principal psychoactive agent is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

25. Hashish (Cannabis resin)
Hashish is a preparation of cannabis comprised of the compressed hairs collected from the Cannabis plant.
By rubbing the flowering tops, the resin secreted by the glandular hairs can be released and scraped off.

26. Hashish (Cannabis resin)
It contains the same active ingredients as cannabis
(but in higher concentrations).

27. Hashish oil (Cannabis oil)
A potent form of cannabis, produced by alcoholic extract of Cannabis resin.

28. CANNABIS How it is used: Cannabis is smoked and sometimes ingested.
Effect of the drug:
Euphoria
Mild hallucinations
Increased relaxation
Disorientation
Increased appetite

29. Negative Effects of cannabis
Impaired speech
Loss of memory, lack of mental focus
Inability to concentrate, mood swings
Blurred vision, infertility
Sinusitis, bronchitis or lung cancer
Pregnancy complications and panic disorder.
A breastfeeding mother can pass THC to her baby through breast milk.

30. D - STIMULANTS
Drugs which excite or speed up the central nervous system.
Cocaine is the main alkaloid of coca leaves.
Cocaine (cocaine HCL) and Crack Cocaine (Cocaine HCL, baking soda,
dissolved in water and heated)
Cocaine
cocaine powder
Vials of crack cocaine

31. Cocaine
How it is used:
Cocaine is most commonly snorted, can be injected or smoked.
Crack cocaine must be smoked.
Effect of the drug:
Increased alertness, euphoria, and excitation
Increased blood rate/pulse
Insomnia
Lack of appetite

32. Withdrawal Symptoms Extreme fatigue Disturbed sleep Voracious appetite
Moderate to severe depression

33. Khat The fresh leaves of Catha edulis, a small tree.
They are chewed for a stimulant effect, alleviate hunger and fatigue.
It is widely employed in Africa and Arab countries particularly in Yemen for chewing.

34. Khat The active principal of fresh leaves is cathinone
Which changes to cathine in dried leaves.
Amphetamine
Amphetamine

35. Side effects of khat
Prolonged chewing of the fresh leaves has caused mania, insomnia, hypertension.
Withdrawal has been known to produce lethargy and nightmares.
The incidence of carcinoma of the oral cavity in khat users.

36. Tobacco
Tobacco comes from the leaves of the tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum). It contains nicotine which is highly addictive.

37. Negative Effects of tobacco
Tobacco use leads most commonly to diseases affecting the heart and lungs, with smoking being a major risk factor for
Heart attacks
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Emphysema
Cancer

38. In summary Not all natural products are safe
Lifestyle habits including street drugs, alcohol, cigarette smoking etc. are often thought of by the public to be "safe". The truth is that these chemicals are likely even worse than some of the most toxic chemotherapeutic cancer drugs that are used in medicine.
Thanks God for being Muslims.

39. Thank you
Any Question