1. 1 Hi-rate Efficient Data Delivery, Secure Mobile Networking and Network Centric Operations Will Ivancic/PI william.d.ivancic@nasa.gov 216-433-3949 Phil Paulsen/PM phillip.e.paulsen@nasa.gov 216-433-6507

2. 2 Outline Hi-Rate Data Delivery Cognitive Networking (local situational awareness) –Smart Modems Network Centric Operations –Relative to Civil Aeronautics Secure Mobile Networking

3. 3 Real-Time and Store-and-Forward Delivery of Unmanned Airborne Vehicle (UAV) Sensor Data Key Milestones Develop UAV communications architecture12/09 Rate-based transport protocol initial deployment2/10 Rate-based Saratoga Version 1 for single hop store and forward6/11  Develop radio-to-router Layer-2 trigger protocol3/12 Conduct integrated demonstration5/12 Co-I’s/Partners Don Sullivan/ARC PI: Will Ivancic/GRC TRL in = 4 TRL current = 4 (Transport Protocol) TRL in = 2 TRL current = 2 (Layer-2 Trigger) Approach  Work with ARC, DRC & L3-Communucation to develop & deploy advanced bandwidth efficient, reliable file transport protocols for the Global Hawk UAV  Conduct integrated tests of the architecture and protocols in the relevant environment  Collaborate with router & radio manufacturers to develop a modem link-property advertisement protocol Objectives  Improve the data throughput for Airborne Science by developing and deploying technologies on the Global Hawk UAV that enable efficient use of the available communications links.  Improvements to the Saratoga transport protocol by implementing a rate-based feature, improved store and forward capabilities and congestion control.  Development of a protocol that advertises link properties from modem to router and/or hosts  In a relevant environment, develop and deploy a mobile communication architecture for aeronautical networks based on Internet technologies. Global Hawk Command and Control Network

4. 4 Global Hawk

5. 5 Global Hawk Control Room at Dryden

6. 6 SARATOGA TRANSPORT PROTOCOL

7. 7 Saratoga Developed by Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd (SSTL) for its Disaster Monitoring Constellation (DMC) remote sensing satellites. –Over seven years of operation –Version 0 (Current Deployment) Line-Rate Selective Negative Acknowledgment File Transfer Use in highly asymmetric links Beacons to indicated link available –Version 1 (Additional Features) Line-rate or rate-based Beacons also contain Unique Identifier of sender Files, Bundles (Delay Tolerant Networking) or Streams Time Stamps option (usable for congestion control) Can support fully-unidirectional data transfer if required Capable of efficiently transferring small or large files, by choosing a width of file offset descriptor appropriate for the filesize –Maximum file sizes of 64KiB-1, 4GiB-1, 2^64-1 and 2^128-1 octets

8. 8 Saratoga Status and Strategy Saratoga Version 0 –Operational on SSTL DMC satellites –Ground testing complete of rate-base settings for SSTL C implementation –Ground testing of GRC PERL implementation Saratoga Version 1 –Specification at draft version 6 which expires March 2011 –Likely to present at next IETF meeting in Prague or summer meeting in Quebec –GRC work PERL and C++ Implementation C++ already partially exists from Wes Eddy implementation, but not fully tested – probably 40% complete. –SSTL to work C implementation –Charles Smith implementation provided to GRC for testing Target is Australian Square Kilometer Array Pathfinder Telescope (ASKAP –Expected to stream 192 parallel 10Gbps feeds from each of the 36 twelve meter dish receivers – a total of just under 70Gbps, or almost eight terabytes per second.

9. 9 correlator beamformer supercomputer analysis processed datacubes delivered rapidly as files with Saratoga further delivery to post-processing and users using traditional Internet technologies (TCP) private links and network sensors multiple Saratoga streams delivering real-time beamformed data beamformer sensor data flow SNACK Flow Multiple Saratoga streams delivering real-time sensor data

10. 10 Australian Square Kilometer Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) Proof of concept for Square Kilometer Array ASKAP telescope, currently under construction at the Muchison Observatory site Consists of 36 12- meter dishes with each dish holding 192 bi- polar phased- array feed sensors. –Each sensor generates a 10Gbps stream. This leads to a total of 6,912 individual 10 Gbps streams – almost 70,000 Gbps, or 8.44 terabytes/second (TBps). Square Kilometer Array –Hybrid telescope, comprising a mix of technologies including single- pixel feeds, sparse aperture arrays, dense aperture arrays and phased-array feed sensors. –Sizes of final data products for individual observation sets in data cubes are expected to range from 30 Terabytes up to 360 Terabytes each –Total sensor data rates generating those processed cubes varying from 0.055 Terabits/s (Tbps) up to 429 Terabits/s

11. 11 192 Element Focal Plane Array Analogue to Digital Sampler Coarse Filter Bank Correlator Beam Former Fine Filter Bank 192 x Coax 192 x 10G 64 x 10G 16 x GbE Correlator Control Computer 10G Antenna Pedestal MRO Central Site 16 x 1 x 36 x Ethernet Switch DWDM Terminal DWDM Terminal 800km Perth 4 x 10G 1 x Square Kilometer Array Example

12. 12 LAYER-2 TRIGGERS (The beginnings of cognitive networking)

13. 13 Smart Modems Modem's transmitting and receiving link rates can be varied over time due to the following: –Adaptive coding –Changes in Modulation to suit the channel characteristics. –Changes in transmission rate to suit the channel characteristics Rate mismatch between RF link local area network. –Serial connections are less of a problem as clocks can be controlled by modem (at least the receiving clock) –Ethernet connections are becoming standard and result in rate mismatch between the LAN interface and the RF link. Modem RF 3 Mbps Ethernet 100 Mbps Ethernet 1 Gbps Application

14. 14 Issue / Problem To condition traffic and get the most out of the modem's link capacity, applications need to know the modem's link conditions. –Figure 1 corresponds to existing commercial imaging satellites –Figure 2 is more generic Desire is to have a standard method for the application to understand the link conditions and adjust –Link Up/Down –Link Unreliable –Data Rates Modem RF 3 Mbps Ethernet 100 Mbps Ethernet 1 Gbps Application Modem RF 3 Mbps Serial Link Application Figure 1 Figure 2

15. 15 Solution Develop a standard protocol that provides link status conditions –Should be able to provide wide area network (WAN) radio reachback link status to applications that may be multiple hops away. Uses –Applications can adjust to link state –Route Optimization Useful for multi-homed systems Modem RF 3 Mbps Ethernet 100 Mbps Application Modem RF 256 kbps

16. 16 Why Mobile-IP for Secure Mobile Networking Shared Network Infrastructure –$$$ Savings Ground Station ISP –$400- $500 per satellite pass –No salaries –No heath benefits –No infrastructure costs –System Flexibility –Greater Connectivity –Relatively easy to secure TCP/IP suite –COTS Standard –Free tools –Skilled professionals available –Tested via general use by 100s of 1000s daily

17. 17 Multi-Domained, Multi-Homed Mobile Networks

18. 18 Common Sectors Aviation Maritime Trains Trucking (Shipping) Automotive Others ??? Common solutions necessary to leverage volume. Aviation is very small community compared to automotive, rail or shipping.

19. 19 High Speed SatCom Network Globally Available Affected by Weather Higher Bandwidth High Latency High Cost Low Speed SatCom Network Globally Available Low Bandwidth High Latency Very High Cost Redundant High Speed LOS Network Globally Available High Bandwidth Low Latency Lower Security Moderate Cost High Speed Terrestrial Not Available when Mobile High Bandwidth Low latency Lower Cost Operations Command and Control Mobile Network How do you decide which path the data should take? How do you cause the network(s) to route the data via this path? Destination Network (for Operations) Destination Network (for Command & Control) Internet Entertainment How Do You Select and Implement the Routing Path? Destination Network (for Entertainment) Low Rate VHF Reliable Low Latency

20. 20 Aviation Specific Issues Safety of Life / Safety of Flight –Time-Critical command and control for Air Traffic Control Fast convergence time is essential! New radio link technologies are “uncertified” for Air Traffic Control / Air Operations Communications (ATC/AOC) Regulatory requirements force network design Three independent network domains (required for regulatory, QOS, & security) Passenger & In-Flight-Entertainment Airline Operations Air Traffic Control Service providers may be authorized to carry one, two, or all services. ATC will be a “closed network” Multiple security and authentication architectures

21. 21 Airplane Communications

22. 22 In-Air Communication Multiple networks with varying criteria for utilizing different links –Aircraft Control Domain –Airline Information Services Domain –Passenger Information and Entertainment Services Domain Often multiple links will be active to the same domain simultaneously. May need to have connectivity to 10 or more ISPs depending on what airports one flies into –Need to autonomously connect to service providers –Each airport controls the ISP contracts

23. 23 Antenna Systems Note, this picture does not show: Satellite links Passenger service links Gate links (WiFi) Gate links (umbilical cord)

24. 24 SATCOM AERO-1 SATCOM AERO-HH VHF Voice/DATA HF Voice/DATA GateLink INMARSAT Swift 64 High-Rate Satellite WiFi Max Cellular Future Links Mobile Router Operations LAN (Avionics) Communication and Display Passenger Services Air Traffic Management LAN Sensor Controller (Optional Display) NEM0-1 NEMO- 2 NEMO-3 Mobile Network 1 Mobile Network 2 Mobile Network 3 Multiplexing at the Router How do you decide which path the data should take? How do you cause the network(s) to route the data via this path?

25. 25 Neah Bay

26. Mobile LAN 10.x.x.x INTERNET USCG INTRANET 10.x.x.x FA - Detroit FA Cleveland HA Encryption PROXY Encryption 802.11b link FIREWALL Public Address USCG Officer’s Club EAST WEST Dock EAST WEST Dock Encrypted Network Data Transfers

27. 27 The Cisco router in low Earth orbit (CLEO) Put a COTS Cisco router in space Determine if the router could withstand the effects of launch and radiation in a low Earth orbit and still operate in the way that its terrestrial counterparts did. Ensure that the router was routing properly Implement mobile network and demonstrate its usefulness for space- based applications. –Since the UK–DMC is an operational system, a major constraint placed on the network design was that any network changes could not impact the current operational network

28. 28 mobile routing Home Agent (NASA Glenn) Segovia NOC ‘shadow’ backup VMOC-2 (NASA Glenn) UK-DMC/CLEO router high-rate passes over SSTL ground station (Guildford, England) primary VMOC-1 Air Force Battle Labs (CERES) Internet mobile router appears to reside on Home Agent’s network at NASA Glenn secure Virtual Private Network tunnels (VPNs) between VMOC partners ‘battlefield operations’ (tent and Humvee, Vandenberg AFB) low-rate UK-DMC passes over secondary ground stations receiving telemetry (Alaska, Colorado Springs) 8.1Mbps downlink 9600bps uplink 38400bpsdownlink other satellite telemetry to VMOC UK-DMCsatellite CLEO onboard mobile access router CLEO/VMOC Network USN Alaska

29. 29 VMOC NOC 6 Stored data transferred to ground Sensor 1 Seismic Sensor alerts VMOC 5 Space Sensor acquires data (e.g. image) 4 4 4 4 Network Control Center Configures Spacecraft via VMOC VMOC negotiates for ground station services 2 2 VMOC negotiates for Space Assets 3 3 Network Control Center Configures Ground Assets Stored data transferred to ground (Large file transfer over multiple ground stations) 7 Secure Autonomous Integrated Controller for Distributed Sensor Webs

30. Home Agent VMOC Open Internet VMOC Database Satellite Scheduler & Controller Ground Station 3 Ground Station 2 Ground Station 1 ->> Time ->> Large File Transfer Over Multiple Ground Stations - DTN is a Potential Solution - DTN Bundle Agent Intermediary DTN Bundle Agent Intermediary DTN Bundle Agent Intermediary DTN Bundle Agent Sink

31. 31 Palm Island Resort, Dubai, 14 Dec 2003 (UK-DMC) www.dmcii.com The Cape of Good Hope and False Bay. False colours – red is vegetation. Taken by UK-DMC satellite on the morning of Wednesday, 27 August 2008. Downloaded using bundling over Saratoga, with proactive fragmentation. Fragments assembled at NASA Glenn, then postprocessed at SSTL. First sensor imagery delivered by bundles from space.