1. IMMIGRATION AND DIVERSITY: TRANSFORMING AMERICA IN THE 21 ST CENTURY by DONALD J. HERNANDEZ, Ph.D. Professor of Sociology and Center for Social & Demographic Analysis University at Albany, SUNY Email: DonH@albany.edu Phone: (518) 442-4668 Opening Plenary Session Global Realities: Intersections and Transitions 2005 Expert Summit on Immigration American Psychological Association San Antonio, Texas, February 2, 2006 Acknowledgements: Suzanne Macartney

2. ● Immigration & the Creation of a New American Majority ● Family Strengths & Resources ● Major Challenges & Needs ● New Child-Based Community Data for Programs, Policy, Advocacy – OVERVIEW –

3. Figure 3. Percent of U.S. Children Ages 0-17 in Specified Race/Ethnic Groups, 1980-2100 Projections for 2000-2050 were released by the Census Bureau March 18, 2004. These projections take into account the much larger Hispanic population identified in Census 2000. Projections and estimates for other years are from an earlier series released by the Census Bureau January 13, 2000, and were based on the count of Hispanics in Census 1990.

4. Slide 4. Estimates and Projected Percent of Non-Hispanic Whites by Age 2000 and 2030 Presented by Donald J. Hernandez. Data is from the Population Projections Program, Population Division, U.S. Census Bureau, Issued March 18, 2004.

5. Slide 5. Percent of Children in Immigrant Families: 1910, 1960, 1990 and 2000 4/5 Citizens Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from the U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, 5% Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.

6. Slide 6. Percent of Children in Immigrant Families by Region of Origin, 2000 Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from the U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, 5% Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.

7. Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from the U.S. Bureau of the Census, Censuses 1990 and 2000, 5% Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.

8. Children in Immigrant Families ● 1 st generation -- foreign-born ● 2 nd generation -- U.S.-born, with at least one foreign-born parent Children in Native Families ● 3 rd (and later) generations -- U.S.-born, with U.S.-born parents Slide 8. Children in Immigrant and Native Families

9. ● American Indian/Alaskan (many tribes) ● Asian (countries or origin) ● Black ● Native Hawaiian, other Pacific Islander (Pacific countries of origin) ● White Slide 9. Race Categories in Census 2000

10. ● Mexican ● Puerto Rican -- Mainland-origin -- (child and parents born on mainland) -- Island-origin -- (child or parent(s) born in Puerto Rico) ● Other specific countries of origin Slide 10. Hispanic Origin Categories in Census 2000

11. ● Country of birth (detailed) ● For children…parent’s country of birth available, if parents are in household ● U.S. citizenship ● No information on legal/refugee status Slide 11. Country of Origin and Immigrant Status in Census 2000

12. ● Children ages 0-17 ● Native race-ethnic groups as context ● 14 immigrant country/region groups with high poverty ● Child poverty rates ● Strengths then other Challenges Slide 12. Approach for Results Presented Here

13. ● Mexico, Central America (Latin America) ● Haiti, Dominican Republic (Caribbean) ● Hmong, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam (Indochina) ● Pakistan/Bangladesh (Indian subcontinent) ● Afghanistan, Iraq (West Asia) ● Former Soviet Union ● Africa, blacks Slide 13. Origins of Immigrant Groups with Especially High Child Poverty

14. Slide 14. Percent of U.S. Children in Native-Born Families Living in Official Poverty, 2000 Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files. 50% 100%

15. Slide 15. Percent of U.S. Children in Immigrant Families Living in Official Poverty, 2000 Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files. 50% 100%

16. Slide 16. Percent of U.S. Children in Native-Born Families Living in Basic Budget Poverty, 2000 Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files. 50% 100%

17. Slide 17. Percent of U.S. Children in Immigrant Families Living in Basic Budget Poverty, 2000 Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files. 50% 100%

18. Slide 18. Percent of U.S. Children in Native-Born Families Living with Two-Parents, 2000 Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files. 50% 100%

19. Slide 19. Percent of U.S. Children in Immigrant Families Living with Two-Parents, 2000 Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files. 50% 100%

20. Slide 20. Percent of U.S. Children in Native-Born Families Living with a Grandparent, 2000 Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files. 50% 100%

21. Slide 21. Percent of U.S. Children in Immigrant Families Living with a Grandparent, 2000 Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files. 50% 100%

22. Slide 22. Percent of U.S. Children in Native-Born Families Living with Four or More Siblings in the Home, 2000 Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files. 50% 100%

23. Slide 23. Percent of U.S. Children in Immigrant Families Living with Four or More Siblings in the Home, 2000 Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files. 50% 100%

24. Slide 24. Percent of U.S. Children in Native-Born Families Living with Other Persons, 2000 Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files. 50% 100%

25. Slide 25. Percent of U.S. Children in Immigrant Families Living with Other Persons, 2000 Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files. 50% 100%

26. Slide 26. Percent of U.S. Children in Native-Born Families Living with Working Fathers, 2000 Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files. 50% 100%

27. Slide 27. Percent of U.S. Children in Immigrant Families Living with Working Fathers, 2000 Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files. 50% 100%

28. Slide 28. Percent of U.S. Children in Native-Born Families Living with Working Mothers, 2000 Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files. 50% 100%

29. Slide 29. Percent of U.S. Children in Immigrant Families Living with Working Mothers, 2000 Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files. 50% 100%

30. Slide 30. Percent of U.S. Children in Native-Born Families with Another Worker in the Home, 2000 Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files. 50% 100%

31. Slide 31. Percent of U.S. Children in Immigrant Families with Another Worker in the Home, 2000 Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files. 50% 100%

32. Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files. 50% 100% Slide 32. Percent of U.S. Children in Native-Born Families with Father Not a H.S. Graduate, 2000

33. Slide 33. Percent of U.S. Children in Immigrant Families with Father Not a H.S. Graduate, 2000 Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files. 50% 100%

34. Slide 34. Percent of U.S. Children in Native-Born Families with Father 0-8 Years of School, 2000 Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files. 50% 100%

35. Slide 35. Percent of U.S. Children in Immigrant Families with Father 0-8 Years of School, 2000 Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files. 50% 100%

36. Slide 36. Percent of U.S. Children in Native-Born Families with Fathers Not Working Full-Time, 2000 Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files. 50% 100%

37. Slide 37. Percent of U.S. Children in Immigrant Families with Fathers Not Working Full-Time, 2000 Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files. 50% 100%

38. Slide 38. Percent of U.S. Children in Native-Born Families with Father Limited English Proficient (LEP), 2000 Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files. 50% 100%

39. Slide 39. Percent of U.S. Children in Immigrant Families with Father Limited English Proficient (LEP), 2000 Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files. 50% 100%

40. Slide 40. Percent of U.S. Children in Native-Born Families Who Are Limited English Proficient (LEP), 2000 Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files. 50% 100%

41. Slide 41. Percent of U.S. Children in Native- Born Families Who Speak English Very Well and Speak Another Language at Home, 2000 Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files. 50% 100%

42. Slide 42. Percent of U.S. Children in Immigrant Families Who Are Limited English Proficient (LEP), 2000 Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files. 50% 100%

43. Slide 43. Percent of U.S. Children in Immigrant Families Who Speak English Very Well, and Speak Another Language at Home, 2000 Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files. 50% 100%

44. Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files. 50% 100% Slide 44. Percent of U.S. Children in in Native-Born Families in Linguistically Isolated Households, 2000

45. Slide 45. Percent of U.S. Children in Immigrant Families in Linguistically Isolated Households, 2000 Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files. 50% 100%

46. Slide 46. Percent of U.S. Children in Immigrant Families Who Are Members of Mixed-Citizen-Status Nuclear Families, 2000 Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files. 50% 100%

47. Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files. 50% 100% Slide 47. Percent of U.S. Four-Year-Olds in Native-Born Families Enrolled in Pre-k/Nursery School, 2000

48. Slide 48. Percent of U.S. Four-Year-Olds in Immigrant Families Enrolled in Pre-k/Nursery School, 2000 Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files. 50% 100%

49. Slide 49. Percent of U.S. 20-24 Year-Olds, in Native-Born Families Who are High School Graduates, 2000 Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey, 1998-2002. 50% 100%

50. Slide 50. Percent of U.S. 20-24 Year-Olds, in Immigrant Families Who are High School Graduates, 2000 Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey, 1998-2002. 50% 100% H.S. Grad

51. Slide 51. Percent of U.S. Children in Native-Born Families with Home Owned by Parents or Relatives, 2000 Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files. 50% 100%

52. Slide 52. Percent of U.S. Children in Immigrant Families with Home Owned by Parents or Relatives, 2000 Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files. 50% 100%

53. Slide 53. Percent of U.S. Children in Native-Born Families with Moderate or Severe Housing Cost Burden, 2000 Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files. 50% 100%

54. Slide 54. Percent of U.S. Children in Immigrant Families with Moderate or Severe Housing Cost Burden, 2000 Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files. 50% 100%

55. Slide 55. Percent of U.S. Children in Native-Born Families Who Live in Overcrowded Housing, 2000 Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files. 50% 100%

56. Slide 56. Percent of U.S. Children in Immigrant Families Who Live in Overcrowded Housing, 2000 Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files. 50% 100%

57. Slide 57. Percent of U.S. Children in Native-Born Families Not Covered by Health Insurance, 2000 50% 100% Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey, 1998-2002.

58. Slide 58. Percent of U.S. Children in Immigrant Families Not Covered by Health Insurance, 2000 50% 100% Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey, 1998-2002.

59. Slide 59. Demographic Overview for Children in Immigrant Families immigrant resources: Two-parent families with other adults in home Strong work ethic Bilingual skills for U.S. economy Homeownership, commitment to community immigrant challenges: Low educational attainments Much part-time, part-year work Low health insurance coverage High Poverty Limited English proficiency Low pre-k/nursery school enrollment

60. Slide 59 ”A”. Short-Term Economic Consequences of Immigration Competition from new immigrant workers lowers wages mainly for earlier immigrants Immigrants benefit by earning higher incomes than they would in their country of origin Complementary immigrant job skills lead to better wages for native workers Complementary immigrant job skills lead to net gains in economic output of $1-$10 billion per year Consumers benefit from lower cost goods and services produced by immigrants Source: James P. Smith and Barry Edmonston (eds.) (1997) The New Americans: Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of Immigration. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

61. Slide 59 ”B”. Long-Term Impact of Current Immigrants on Government Taxes/Expenditures For the average immigrant: State/Local benefits exceed taxes by $25,000 Federal taxes exceed benefits by $105,000 All taxes exceed benefits by $80,000 Therefore, the lifetime net contribution of the average immigrant to government treasuries is $80,000 Source: James P. Smith and Barry Edmonston (eds.) (1997) The New Americans: Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of Immigration. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

62. Slide 60. U.S. Infant Mortality Rate, 1989-1991 per 1,000 Births Source: Nancy S. Landale, R.S. Oropesa, and Bridget K. Gorman (1999) “Immigration and infant health: Birth outcomes of immigrant and native- born women”. In Donald J. Hernandez (ed.), pp. 244-285, Children of immigrants: Health, adjustment, and public assistance. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

63. Slide 61. Percent of Adolescents with Asthma 50% 100% Kathleen Mullan Harris (1999) “The health status and risk behaviors of adolescents in immigrant families”. In Donald J. Hernandez (ed.), pp. 286-347, Children of immigrants: Health, adjustment, and public assistance. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

64. 50% 100% Slide 62. Percent of Adolescents Who are Overweight or Obese (BMI > 85th Percentile) Kathleen Mullan Harris (1999) “The health status and risk behaviors of adolescents in immigrant families”. In Donald J. Hernandez (ed.), pp. 286-347, Children of immigrants: Health, adjustment, and public assistance. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

65. 1 2 3 4 Slide 63. Mean Level of Psychological Distress among Adolescents (Index Ranges from 1 to 4) Kathleen Mullan Harris (1999) “The health status and risk behaviors of adolescents in immigrant families”. In Donald J. Hernandez (ed.), pp. 286-347, Children of immigrants: Health, adjustment, and public assistance. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

66. 1 2 3 4 Slide 64. Mean Level of Positive Emotional Well-Being among Adolescents (Index Ranges from 1 to 4) Kathleen Mullan Harris (1999) “The health status and risk behaviors of adolescents in immigrant families”. In Donald J. Hernandez (ed.), pp. 286-347, Children of immigrants: Health, adjustment, and public assistance. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

67. 50% 100% Slide 65. Percent of Adolescents Who Missed School Last Month Due to Health or Emotional Problem Kathleen Mullan Harris (1999) “The health status and risk behaviors of adolescents in immigrant families”. In Donald J. Hernandez (ed.), pp. 286-347, Children of immigrants: Health, adjustment, and public assistance. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

68. 50% 100% Slide 66. Percent of Adolescents Engaging in Four or More Types of Non-Violent Delinquent Acts Kathleen Mullan Harris (1999) “The health status and risk behaviors of adolescents in immigrant families”. In Donald J. Hernandez (ed.), pp. 286-347, Children of immigrants: Health, adjustment, and public assistance. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

69. 50% 100% Slide 67. Percent of Adolescents Engaging in Three or More Types of Violent Acts Kathleen Mullan Harris (1999) “The health status and risk behaviors of adolescents in immigrant families”. In Donald J. Hernandez (ed.), pp. 286-347, Children of immigrants: Health, adjustment, and public assistance. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

70. 50% 100% Slide 68. Percent of Adolescents Using Three or More Controlled Substances Kathleen Mullan Harris (1999) “The health status and risk behaviors of adolescents in immigrant families”. In Donald J. Hernandez (ed.), pp. 286-347, Children of immigrants: Health, adjustment, and public assistance. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

71. Slide 68”A”. New Child-Based Indicators for States and Local Communities Children in America’s Newcomer Families: Local Area Results from Census 2000 conducted by Donald J. Hernandez & Nancy A. Denton

72. Slide 69. Community Data Useful for Policies, Programs, Advocacy, and Philanthropy funded by… William and Flora Hewlett Foundation Annie E. Casey Foundation Winthrop Rockefeller Foundation William T. Grant Foundation Center for Law and Social Policy community data for… 15 counties in California 15 metropolitan area across U.S. Additional selected states and cities, including … Arkansas, Colorado, Florida, Georgia … Atlanta, Boulder, Miami, New York City

73. Slide 70. Community Data for Children in Specific Immigrant and Native Groups Children distinguished by Country of Origin, Immigrant Generation Race-Ethnicity, Age Topics include Language Proficiency, Citizenship Family Composition Schooling, Educational Attainments Employment, Occupation, Earnings, Poverty Housing, Neighborhood Situations

74. IMMIGRATION AND DIVERSITY: TRANSFORMING AMERICA IN THE 21 ST CENTURY by DONALD J. HERNANDEZ, Ph.D. Professor of Sociology and Center for Social & Demographic Analysis University at Albany, SUNY Email: DonH@albany.edu Phone: (518) 442-4668 Opening Plenary Session Global Realities: Intersections and Transitions 2005 Expert Summit on Immigration American Psychological Association San Antonio, Texas, February 2, 2006 Acknowledgements: Suzanne Macartney