2. COMP 4—Power Tools for the Mind1 Use and abuse What’s in the box? How’d we get here? Why? What we’ll cover for this lecture topic: Mind Tool inventors & their inventions –(for Computers: basic components?) Motivation Purpose So what?

3. Ancient times –Trade –Abacus: ~5,000 yrs ago Abacus 2 Loom 1800s –Jacquard automated the pattern-weaving process. Punched cards –So what? Slide rule 1600s –Pascal: “Pascaline” + – –Oughtred: slide rule Pascaline

4. COMP 4—Power Tools for the Mind3 Use and abuse What’s in the box? Java Abacus

5. COMP 4—Power Tools for the Mind4 Use and abuse What’s in the box? Java Sliderule

6. 1800s, continued... –Charles Babbage Difference engine Analytical engine brief video… D.E. ANALYTICAL EngineDifference Engine 3

7. D.E. 1800s, continued... –Herman Hollerith Tabulating machine Punched cards..… 4

8. D.E. Early 1900s –Desktop machines Burroughs c1911 Remington c1930 Marchant c1920

9. COMP 4—Power Tools for the Mind8 Use and abuse What’s in the box? D.E. Late 1930s–40s (WWII) –Nazi Germany, 1941 Konrad Zuse’s Z3: 1st programmable, general-purpose, electromechanical computer. brief video relay Zuse

10. COMP 4—Power Tools for the Mind9 Use and abuse What’s in the box? America Enters the War (War Dept problems) –Howard Aiken, and IBM: Mark I: Electromechanical digital computer. –J. Presper Eckert & John Mauchly ENIAC: Electronic Numerical Integrator & Computer  Patented as 1st electronic, general-purpose computer in 1946. Patent later voided. Ready after the war…. Limitations... ? Vacuum tubes Relay

11. COMP 4—Power Tools for the Mind10 Use and abuse What’s in the box? ENIAC

12. COMP 4—Power Tools for the Mind11 Use and abuse What’s in the box? ENIAC ENIAC plug board (one of many) 1946

13. COMP 4—Power Tools for the Mind12 Use and abuse What’s in the box? Post-war: 1940s and early 50s –John von Neumann Memory easier to change than rewiring hardware. Eckert & Mauchly Computer Company 1946 Saw market potential for government & business. UNIVAC: first commercial general-purpose computer, delivered to US Census Bureau by Remington-Rand, 1951. Video... Watch for: UNIVAC’s TV debut (J. Presper Eckert in the bow tie). Media hype. Where public gets misconceptions about “giant brains.” Changes in the physical structure (electronics industry). –Esp. progression from vacuum tubes to discrete transistors to ICs. Answer questions on the next few SLIDES (thru pg 17).

14. COMP 4—Power Tools for the Mind13 Use and abuse What’s in the box? Post-war: 1940s and early 50s, continued... –Who was first to sell computers to business? –When did IBM sell its first computer to business? –Why did IBM 650 do so well? IBM 650

15. COMP 4—Power Tools for the Mind14 Use and abuse What’s in the box? Late 1950s, into 1960s –What nearly brought the computer industry to its knees? –What would replace vacuum tubes in computers? –Why were they still a problem for use in computers? –What invention solved that problem? Why? –What advantages did they have?

16. Univac VACUUM TUBE BOARD Punched cards (from Univac)

17. Discrete transistors

18. COMP 4—Power Tools for the Mind17 Use and abuse What’s in the box? 1959: first IC announced –Used right away? Why? 1960s: –What events changed that? 1970s and Silicon Valley –ICs: smaller, denser, faster, cheaper 1 st Integrated Circuit

19. COMP 4—Power Tools for the Mind18 Use and abuse What’s in the box? After the video 1971: first “microprocessor” 1975: Altair 8800 kit Intel 4004 Digression: Start of 1975: no one person owned a PC. Within five years: $1B industry

20. COMP 4—Power Tools for the Mind19 Use and abuse What’s in the box? “ The era of the computer in every home---a favorite topic among science fiction writers ---has arrived! … … has 78 basic machine instructions … the program can be entered via switches on the front, providing LED readout in binary format…” Order your very own today!

21. COMP 4—Power Tools for the Mind20 Use and abuse What’s in the box? 1975: Microsoft licenses BASIC 1976: Apple Computer Company is launched… 1979: Apple II and Visicalc $1298 1981: IBM PC $1265 –By 1982: IBM owns more than half of PC market. Why? 1 st IBM PC

22. COMP 4—Power Tools for the Mind21 Use and abuse What’s in the box? 90s and TODAY: Faster, cheaper, smaller…whoah! –Obsolescence –The Internet and Web –Networking your home …inter-connectivity 1984: The Macintosh. How was it different?The Macintosh 1990: Windows 3.0 (=heartburn for Apple Co.) 1995+: Win 95/98/M.E/2000/XP…..

23. COMP 4—Power Tools for the Mind22 Use and abuse What’s in the box? Overall trends over time Speed:doubles every 1-2 years Memory:doubles every 3-4 years Weight, Size:relatively constant except, for notebooks & PDAs Hmmm, if only cars had improved as much since the late 1940s...

24. COMP 4—Power Tools for the Mind23 Use and abuse What’s in the box? A Few Good Videos…. The Machine that Changed the World (c1991) --PBS; available at non-print, U. Library PC History: Triumph of the Nerds (c1996) --PBS; Pirates of Silicon Valley (1999) --made-for-TV movie --hope to show some during class….