1. SOSC 103D Social Inequality in HK Lecture 25: Family and Education

2. L25: 09.05.072 Education and Social Inequality Social OriginSocial Destination Education

3. L25: 09.05.073 Unequal access to education in HK Composition of University Students in 1981 and 2001 (David Post, 2003 p.558)

4. L25: 09.05.074 Family Effects The role of family background in affecting children’s educational outcome – through various mechanisms o How do parents transmit their advantage or disadvantage to their children? o How do the family and parents make the difference? o What is happening inside the family?!

5. L25: 09.05.075 Primary Effects Class differences in educational grades Genetic effects Lack of endowment for educational success Research on IQ Parental investment Material resources spend on children Time spend with children

6. L25: 09.05.076 Different types of families and their relations on parental investment and involvement 1.Family income 2.Parents’ educational level 3.Parents’ occupational status - Type of occupations - Number of parents are employed 4.Family structure - Single-parent families - Step families 5.Size and composition of siblings 6.Races and ethnicity

7. L25: 09.05.077 Secondary Effects There are class differences in educational attainment even when students ’ academic achievements are controlled!!! Class differences in educational choice (i.e. stay or leave school) 1. Decision on the years of schooling 2. Decision on the level of schooling

8. L25: 09.05.078 Secondary effect concern about the decision made in each school transition. Decision on whether to continue education or not Decision on the type of schooling Decision on the subject that we’re going to take in the school Hong Kong’s Case: Vocational training or academic-track after open exam? Faculties we choose in University

9. L25: 09.05.079 Secondary Effects (cont’) 1.Resources effect - The real cost of further education – income foregone 2.Aspiration effect - The goal is set according to social origin - The tendency of risk-aversion 3.Cultural/ value effect - Cultural deprivation

10. L25: 09.05.0710 Example 1: A Band 3 Secondary School in Kwun Tong Students’ Family Profiles: Working classes family 50% are CSSA recipients Large amount of single-parent families Every week, about 2 to 3 new immigrants will knock the school door for school seats (Required by EMB) Parents with long working hours

11. L25: 09.05.0711 Example 1: A Band 3 Secondary School in Kwun Tong (Con’t) Students’ education performance and attainment: Each year, only 2 to 3 students enter local universities Major reason for failing to enter university: Students’ poor English language ability (Most F.1 students’ language ability: P.4 Level) Most F. 5 school leavers study Foundation diploma IVE Most F. 7 school leavers study High diploma in IVE

12. L25: 09.05.0712 Example 1: A Band 3 Secondary School in Kwun Tong (Con’t) Learning Environment CMI, Gangsters, members of triad society, drug abuser Students’ Aspiration ¼ of F.3 students have no aspiration to continue their studies ½ of F.6 students have no aspiration to enter universities

13. L25: 09.05.0713 Example 1: A Band 3 Secondary School in Kwun Tong (Con’t) School’s Strategy Focus on marketing and image polishing for prospective students, not on current students Objective: attract students outside Kwun Tong to apply the school so as to recruit better quality of newly-admitted F.1 students “We don’t expect we can have graduates who are prominent figures in the society; we only want our students not to commit crimes”

14. L25: 09.05.0714 Example 1: A Band 3 Secondary School in Kwun Tong (Con’t) Some Analyses: Effect of District based Allocation System ( 分區派位 ) --> clustering of working class students Lack of Aspiration of further study: Peer effect Parents’ encouragement to work (become breadwinner to support family) Lacking of Social Capital