2. 17 cm 6 mm

3. Kellet’s whelk, Kelletia kelletii Habitat: Rocky reef/kelp forests. Partial migration offshore during winter? Carnivorous predator and scavenger. Radula at end of feeding proboscis used to drill through animal shells (e.g., snails, bivalves, etc.) and excavate concealed prey (e.g., tube worms).

4. Kellet’s whelk, Kelletia kelletii Preyed upon by… Sea otters Octopus Lobster? Elasmobranchs (bat ray, sharks)?? Their shell is remarkably thick!

5. Monterey, CA

6. Kellet’s whelk, Kelletia kelletii Spring/summer breeding season. Mating & internal fertilization. Females lay 100+ egg capsules/year. Capsule = 1000+ eggs. Larvae (veliger) hatch out of capsules after 30 days. Lecithotropic veliger in plankton for ~50 days. Mean Dd ~ 100 km (Siegel et al. 2003; U = 0; σ u = 10cm/sec) Settlement cue not known. Reproductively mature after ~6 years.

7. Juveniles: Found in highly varying densities and across a wide range of depth gradients within the nearshore system.

8. Economic value: Excellent for lawn art (match gnomes beautifully!)

10. Economic value: Focus of developing fishery (by-catch in lobster traps) Sold to US domestic Asian market (mostly in LA) Mean price = $1.43/kg = ~$0.15/whelk Aseltine-Neilson et al. 2006

11. RANGE Expansion since ~1980 Bahia Asuncion

12. Catalina Island (southern) Northern Channel Islands Density: mainland > islands. Baja highest.

13. POPULATION GENETICS STUDY COI: Cytochrome Oxidase I gene in mtDNA mtDNA: circular, ~16K basepairs long COI sequence: 528 basepairs long One sequence per individual adult N = 15 – 35 samples/site N = 16 sites, spanning entire range COI

14. COI sampling sites Expansion since ~1980 Bahia Asuncion

15. Range expansion Bahia Asuncion Diversity SiteHapNuc MA0.90760.0034 WC0.90480.0026 DC0.91910.0044 HR0.91810.0042 RR0.88070.0038 GI0.87620.0032 YB0.76640.0027 NR0.82460.0031 IV0.88400.0030 SV0.79660.0030 PV0.88910.0035 DP0.90250.0036 PL0.87230.0033 SQ0.81230.0028 TT0.72770.0025 BA0.83030.0034

16. Regionwide genetic structure statistics Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA): Fst = 0.012 (P = 0.001) Pairwise differences between sites: Fst range: 0.02 – 0.05 (P < 0.05) Bonferroni: (120 pairs)(0.05) = 6 expected by chance. 19 found. Spatial Analysis of Molecular Variance (SAMOVA): Fst = 0.02 – 0.03 (P = 0.002)

17. Non- equilibrium stirred Stepping stone Genetic isolation by geographic distance: what to expect No correlation No correlation? Positive correlation Equilibrium

18. P = 0.14 (two-sided; R2 = 0.05; n = 16 sites; Mantel test)

20. P = 0.16 (two-sided; R2 = 0.5; n = 4 sites; Mantel test)

21. P = 0.14 (two-sided; R2 = 0.05; n = 13 sites; Mantel test)

22. P = 0.23 (two-sided; R2 = 0.05; n = 10 sites; Mantel test)

23. Doh!

24. (Hutchinson & Templeton 1999) Expanded range Expansion, followed by isolation Regional equilibrium Regional non-equilibrium Expanded range Regional equilibrium At large scales, drift > Relative dominance of gene flow vs. genetic drift varies with scale

25. Non- equilibrium stirred Stepping stone Genetic isolation by geographic distance: what to expect IBD signal only present at small scales Equilibrium Periodic regional disturbance due to el Nino

26. Sill in IBD curve reached at ~125 km

27. Fst = 0.0041*Ln(distance) – 0.0112 R2 = 0.07

28. P = 0. (two-sided; R2 = ; n = sites; Mantel test)

29. P = 0.04 (two-sided; R2 = 23; n = 6 sites; Mantel test)

30. P = 0.14 (two-sided; R2 = 0.77; n = 4 sites; Mantel test)

31. Slope = ~0.01 – ~0.5 Fst/1000 km

32. Palumbi 2003

34. 12 km siteaggregate Kij dispersal connectivityPairwise Fst

35. P = 0.13

36. P = 0.11

38. 1 MA 2 DC 3 HR 4 RR 5 GI 6 YB 7 IV 8 SV 9 PV 10 DP 11 PL 12 SQ 13 TT 14 BA

39. 1 MA 2 DC 3 HR 4 RR 5 GI 6 YB 7 IV 8 SV 9 PV 10 DP 11 PL 12 SQ 13 TT 14 BA Fst = 0.03 (P = 0.001)

40. June 2000 SST (Ocean Data Center, UCSC) TT BA

41. 1 MA 2 DC 3 HR 4 RR 5 GI 6 YB 7 IV 8 SV 9 PV 10 DP 11 PL 12 SQ 13 TT 14 BA Fst = 0.03 (P = 0.001)

42. 1 MA 2 DC 3 HR 4 RR 5 GI 6 YB 7 IV 8 SV 9 PV 10 DP 11 PL 12 SQ 13 TT 14 BA Fst = 0.014 (P = 0.001)

43. 1 MA 2 DC 3 HR 4 RR 5 GI 6 YB 7 IV 8 SV 9 PV 10 DP 11 PL 12 SQ 13 TT 14 BA Fst = 0.013 (P = 0.001)

44. Don’t forget: Giacomo’s surf perch

48. Catalina Island (southern) Northern Channel Islands Density: mainland > islands. Baja highest.

49. Thanks!

50. 1 MA 2 DC 3 HR 4 RR 5 GI 6 YB 7 IV 8 SV 9 PV 10 DP 11 PL 12 SQ 13 TT 14 BA SAMOVA geographic delineations

51. 1 MA 2 DC 3 HR 4 RR 5 GI 6 YB 7 IV 8 SV 9 PV 10 DP 11 PL 12 SQ 13 TT 14 BA SAMOVA geographic delineations Fst = 0.03 P = 0.002

52. 1 MA 2 DC 3 HR 4 RR 5 GI 6 YB 7 IV 8 SV 9 PV 10 DP 11 PL 12 SQ 13 TT 14 BA SAMOVA geographic delineations Fst = 0.029 P = 0.002

53. 1 MA 2 DC 3 HR 4 RR 5 GI 6 YB 7 IV 8 SV 9 PV 10 DP 11 PL 12 SQ 13 TT 14 BA SAMOVA geographic delineations Fst = 0.026 P = 0.002

54. 1 MA 2 DC 3 HR 4 RR 5 GI 6 YB 7 IV 8 SV 9 PV 10 DP 11 PL 12 SQ 13 TT 14 BA SAMOVA geographic delineations Fst = 0.023 P = 0.002

55. 1 MA 2 DC 3 HR 4 RR 5 GI 6 YB 7 IV 8 SV 9 PV 10 DP 11 PL 12 SQ 13 TT 14 BA SAMOVA geographic delineations Fst = 0.017 P = 0.002

57. 1 MA 2 DC 3 HR 4 RR 5 GI 6 YB 7 IV 8 SV 9 PV 10 DP 11 PL 12 SQ 13 TT 14 BA

58. 1 MA 2 DC 3 HR 4 RR 5 GI 6 YB 7 IV 8 SV 9 PV 10 DP 11 PL 12 SQ 13 TT 14 BA

59. 1 MA 2 WC 3 DC 4 HR 5 RR 6 GI 7 YB 8 NR 9 IV 10 SV 11 PV 12 DP 13 PL 14 SQ 15 TT 16 BA

60. 1 MA 2 WC 3 DC 4 HR 5 RR 6 GI 7 YB 8 NR 9 IV 10 SV 11 PV 12 DP 13 PL 14 SQ 15 TT 16 BA

61. 1 MA 2 WC 3 DC 4 HR 5 RR 6 GI 7 YB 8 NR 9 IV 10 SV 11 PV 12 DP 13 PL 14 SQ 15 TT 16 BA

62. 1 MA 2 WC 3 DC 4 HR 5 RR 6 GI 7 YB 8 NR 9 IV 10 SV 11 PV 12 DP 13 PL 14 SQ 15 TT 16 BA

63. 1 MA 2 WC 3 DC 4 HR 5 RR 6 GI 7 YB 8 NR 9 IV 10 SV 11 PV 12 DP 13 PL 14 SQ 15 TT 16 BA

64. P = 0.45 (two-sided; R2 = 0.027; n = 12 sites; Mantel test)

66. P = 0.058 (two-sided; R2 = 0.136; n = 9 sites; Mantel test)

67. Slope = ~0.01 – ~0.5 Fst/1000 km