1. Sounds and language

3. Brain size

4. c. 60 mya Modern primates

5. Prosimians Primitive Southeast Asia, Africa, Indonesia, Madagascar Snout with moist, fleshy nose-pad Madagascan radiation: formerly 44 species of lemurs. Size range. Humans arrived c. 2,000 ybp Therefore, many species exterminated

6. Specialized features Aye-aye Madagascar

7. Lemurs Madagascar Lemurs: e.g., Ring-tailed--mostly terrestrial e.g., Sifakas--arboreal

8. Lorises Gabon, Central Africa Different niches

9. Tarsier SE Asia

12. Arboreal Some with prehensile tails New World monkeys

14. Almost exclusively arboreal Most quadrupedal Left: 7 species different niches

16. Old World monkeys Tails not prehensile Most arboreal and quadrupedal Colobus monkey

17. Exception: baboons: mainly terrestrial

19. Orangutan Indonesian Islands: Java & Borneo On an evolutionary branch separated from other great apes and humans Pronounced sexual dimorphism males: 200+ lbs females: 100 lbs Slow, cautious climbers “four-handed” Almost exclusively arboreal Largely solitary

20. ♂ ♀ Pronounced sexual dimorphism

21. Orangutan (juvenile) Quadrupedal Bears weight on sides of hands and feet

22. Gorillas Largest living primates On an evolutionary branch separated from humans, chimpanzees, and bonobos Western and eastern equatorial Africa Pronounced sexual dimorphism –males: 400 lbs. –females: 150-200 lbs. Primarily terrestrial

23. 2 Species:Western (Lowland gorillas) and Eastern (Mountain gorillas)

24. Young gorilla Quadrupedal knuckle walking

25. Chimpanzees: most closely related to bonobos (same genus: Pan) Moderate sexual dimorphism: males: 100+ lbs; females: 80 lbs Some populations use tools; may engage in group hunting for meat

26. Chimpanzee Bonobo Not a “pygmy chimpanzee” Separate species

27. Bonobo Democratic Republic of the Congo Has attracted attention because of a full repertoire of sexual activities used extensively in its social interactions More linear body than chimpanzees Longer legs relative to arms Relatively smaller head Brief bouts of bipedalism: mostly knuckle walkers

28. Threatened species Bonobo future? Rocky Mountain News: March 6, 2006 1984: Est. 100,000 2005: Est. 5,000 Why the drop in density? Killed and sold (ca. $200/bonobo) Prized as food. Sold to local markets and urban restaurants