3. Latitude
Gives north-south location relative to the Equator

4. Longitude
Gives east-west location relative to specified meridian

5. Dab = sin(lat a). sin(lat b) + cos (lat a). cos(lat b)
Dab = sin(lat a).sin(lat b) + cos (lat a).cos(lat b).cos |lng a - lng b|

11. The Mercator Projection
a cylindrical projection with
one standard parallel at the Equator

14. The Transverse Mercator Projection
a transverse cylindrical projection
with one standard parallel along
a specified meridian
Used as the base for
zones with an north-south
orientation in the State
Plane Coordinate System
(SPC) and all zones in
the Universal Transverse
Mercator System (UTM)

17. Lambert’s Conformal Conic
a conic projection
with two standard parallels
Used as the base for
zones with an east-west
orientation in the
State Plane Coordinate
System (SPC)

20. State Plane Coordinate Zone for Vermont
Meridian
(72.5 degrees west longitude)
Northing (Y)
False Easting
500,000 meters
Base Line
(42.5 degrees north latitude)
Easting (X)

21. The UTM Coordinate System