1. Chapter 14 Superscalar Processors

2. What is Superscalar? “Common” instructions (arithmetic, load/store, conditional branch) can be executed independently. Equally applicable to RISC & CISC, but more straightforward in RISC machines. The order of execution is usually determined by the compiler. A Superscalar machine executes multiple independent instructions in parallel.

3. Example Superscalar Organization 2 Integer ALU pipelines, 2 FP ALU pipelines, 1 memory pipeline (?)

4. Superpipelined Machines Superpiplined machines overlap pipe stages - rely on stages being able to begin operations before the last is complete. Superscaler machines have multiple instruction pipelines - process multiple instructions in parallel

5. Superscalar v Superpipeline

6. Limitations of Superscalar Dependent upon: Instruction level parallelism Compiler based optimization Hardware support Limited by — True Data dependency — Procedural dependency — Resource conflicts — Output dependency or Antidependency (another form of data dependency)

7. True Data Dependency ADD r1, r2 (r1+r2  r1) MOVE r3, r1 (r1  r3) Can fetch and decode second instruction in parallel with first Can NOT execute second instruction until first is finished Compare with the following? LOAD r1, X (x  r1) MOVE r3, r1 (r1  r3) What additional problem do we have here?

8. Procedural Dependency Can’t execute instructions after a branch in parallel with instructions before a branch, because? Note: Also, if instruction length is not fixed, instructions have to be decoded to find out how many fetches are needed

9. Resource Conflict Two or more instructions requiring access to the same resource at the same time —e.g. two arithmetic instructions Solution - Can possibly duplicate resources —e.g. have two arithmetic units

10. Antidependancy ADD R4, R3, 1 R3 + 1  R4 ADD R3, R5, 1 R5 + 1  R3 Cannot complete the second instruction before the first has read R3 Why?

11. True data dependency & Antidependency True data dependency: result of 1st instr used in 2 nd instr (can’t complete 1 st too soon) Antidenpendency: out of order completion of 2 nd instr can write over value to be used in 1 st instr (must complete 1 st before 2 nd changes operand value)

12. Effect of Dependencies

13. Instruction-level Parallelism Consider: LOAD R1, R2 ADD R3, 1 ADD R4, R2 These can be handled in parallel. Why? Consider: ADD R3, 1 ADD R4, R3 STO (R4), R0 These cannot. Why?

14. Instruction Issue Policies Order in which instructions are fetched Order in which instructions are executed Order in which instructions update registers and memory values Note: there is also the issue of instruction completion policy

15. In-Order Issue -- In-Order Completion Issue instructions in the order they occur: Not very efficient Instructions must stall if necessary

16. In-Order Issue -- In-Order Completion (Example) Assume: I1 requires 2 cycles to execute I3 & I4 conflict for the same functional unit I5 depends upon value produced by I4 I5 & I6 conflict for a functional unit

17. In-Order Issue -- Out-of-Order Completion (Example) How does this effect interrupts? Again: I1 requires 2 cycles to execute I3 & I4 conflict for the same functional unit I5 depends upon value produced by I4 I5 & I6 conflict for a functional unit

18. Out-of-Order Issue -- Out-of-Order Completion Decouple decode pipeline from execution pipeline Can continue to fetch and decode until this pipeline is full When a functional unit becomes available an instruction can be executed Since instructions have been decoded, processor can look ahead

19. Out-of-Order Issue -- Out-of-Order Completion (Example) Note: I5 depends upon I4, but I6 does not Again: I1 requires 2 cycles to execute I3 & I4 conflict for the same functional unit I5 depends upon value produced by I4 I5 & I6 conflict for a functional unit

20. Register Renaming Output and antidependencies occur because register contents may not reflect the correct ordering from the program Can result in a pipeline stall One solution: Allocate Registers dynamically (renaming registers)

21. Register Renaming example R3b:=R3a + R5a (I1) R4b:=R3b + 1 (I2) R3c:=R5a + 1 (I3) R7b:=R3c + R4b (I4) Without “subscript” refers to logical register in instruction With subscript is hardware register allocated: R3a R3b R3c Note: R3c avoids: antidependency on I2 output dependency I1

22. Machine Parallelism Support Duplication of Resources Out of order issue Renaming Windowing

23. Speedups of Machine Organizations ( Without Procedural Dependencies) Not worth duplication of functional units without register renaming Need instruction window large enough (more than 8, probably not more than 32)

24. Branch Prediction in Superscalar Machines Delayed branch not used much. Why? Multiple instructions need to execute in the delay slot. This leads to much complexity in recovery. Branch prediction may be used - Branch history MAY still be useful Are there any alternatives ?

25. Superscalar Execution

26. Committing or Retiring Instructions Results need to be put into order (commit or retire) Results sometimes must be held in temporary storage until it is certain they can be placed in “permanent” storage. (commit or retire) Temporary storage requires regular clean up - overhead.

27. Superscalar Hardware Support Facilities to simultaneously fetch multiple instructions Logic to determine true dependencies involving register values and Mechanisms to communicate these values Mechanisms to initiate multiple instructions in parallel Resources for parallel execution of multiple instructions Mechanisms for committing process state in correct order

28. Conclusions What are the relative benefits of Superscalar Superpipelining

29. Superscalar CISC machines Can Superscalar design be applied to CISC machines ?

30. javax.comm Basically, javax.comm is no longer supported on Windows (hasn't been since 2002), so we switched to RxTx, which is nearly identical. /: According to /: http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Serial_Programming:Serial_Java#RxTx, http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Serial_Programming:Serial_Java#RxTx "Converting a JavaComm Application to RxTx", all that is required to convert a javacomm application to an RxTx application is simply changing the import statement: import javax.comm.*; to import gnu.io.*; Everything else in the program can remain exactly the same because the package gnu.io apparently encompasses the same classes as javax.comm. Indeed, rxtx version of SimpleWrite is identical to the javacomm version of SimpleWrite except that it imports gnu.io.* rather than javax.comm.*."

31. Basic Concepts of the IA-64 Architecture Instruction level parallelism —Explicit in machine instruction rather than determined at run time by processor Long or very long instruction words (LIW/VLIW) —Fetch bigger chunks already “preprocessed” Branch predication (not the same as branch prediction) —Go ahead and fetch & decode instructions, but keep track of them so the decision to “issue” them, or not, can be practically made later Speculative loading —Go ahead and load data so it is ready when need, and have a practical way to recover if speculation proved wrong Software Pipelining —Allows multiple iterations of a loop to execute in parallel