1. Defence Research and Development Canada Recherche et développement pour la défense Canada Canada Command Approach Keith Stewart

2. Defence R&D Canada R & D pour la défense Canada Land Doctrine: CF “Mission Command... has three enduring tenets: the importance of understanding a superior commander’s intent, a clear responsibility to fulfil that intent, and timely decision-making. The underlying requirement is the fundamental responsibility to act within the framework of the commander’s intentions. Together, this requires a style of command that promotes decentralized decision-making, freedom and speed of action, and initiative.” (CFP 300(3) Land Force Command)

3. Defence R&D Canada R & D pour la défense Canada Field Marshal Slim “ Commanders at all levels had to act more on their own; they were given greater latitude to work out their own plans to achieve what they knew was the Army Commander’s intention. In time they developed to a marked degree a flexibility of mind and a firmness of decision that enabled them to act swiftly to take advantage of sudden information or changing circumstances without reference to their superiors. …This requires in the higher command a corresponding flexibility of mind, confidence in subordinates, and the power to make its intentions clear through the force.” Quoted in UK ADP Land Operations “I have published under my name a good many operational orders and a good many directives… but there is one paragraph in the order that I have always written myself… the intention paragraph.” Quoted in CFP 300(3)

4. Defence R&D Canada R & D pour la défense Canada The Influence of Technology By the late 18 th Century central control of forces was becoming unrealistic –Improved weapons technology –Requirement for reduced concentration –Formations broken up –Communications could not keep up Historically, junior officers’ roles were focused on motivation rather than direction Dispersion: “Only when modern weapons forced armies to burrow into the ground and wear uniforms that made them hard to see did junior officers have to become minor tacticians.” (Desmond Morton) With dispersion, advantage was gained by forces that could delegate command authority

5. Defence R&D Canada R & D pour la défense Canada Auftragstaktik Effective reform required more than structural change Responsiveness of French commanders to the will of Napoleon is noted Gneisenau’s concept of command by direction: –Clarity of objectives –Only general indications of method –Enables initiative in the face of opportunity Moltke blends these ideas with Clausewitz’s notion of chaos –Control should be devolved to the level at which the commander can read the battle –Orders are prone to obsolescence as situations change –Strict obedience to the superior commander’s intent may require subordinates to alter or even disregard the original order –Officers must have independence of mind These reforms took time to embed in the culture

6. Defence R&D Canada R & D pour la défense Canada Mission Command and NEOps New CIS technology: –has caught up! –supports any command approach –“At the tactical level, network-enabled capabilities enhance forward command.” (UK ADP Land Operations 2005) –Soviet forces used “C3I systems to strengthen top- down authority in a system described as ‘forward command from the rear’” (Toffler, 1994)

7. Defence R&D Canada R & D pour la défense Canada CentralisedDecentralised Command Approach y x  Implicit Intent Explicit Intent Common Intent Risk Threshold Shared Intent High Low

8. Defence Research and Development Canada Recherche et développement pour la défense Canada Canada

9. Defence R&D Canada R & D pour la défense Canada Command The creative and purposeful exercise of legitimate authority to accomplish the mission legally, professionally and ethically. Conceptual Framework for C 2 Control Those structures and processes devised by Command to enable it and to manage risk. The establishment of common intent to achieve coordinated action. C2C2C2C2

10. Defence R&D Canada R & D pour la défense Canada Concept of Intent Intent is more than a goal or a purpose: –Includes the implications of a particular goal or purpose in a specific context and the expectation for actions in that context Therefore it encompasses all of the connotations associated with a specific goal or purpose It should convey the meaning behind a particular goal or purpose

11. Defence R&D Canada R & D pour la défense Canada Commander’s Intent Commander’s goal or objective, including all of its associated connotations –Both explicitly stated and implied Commander’s intent: 1) directs action in foreseen situations 2) guides action in unforeseen situations