1. Applied Sensor Technology

2. Outline Introduction Examples of Sensors Basic readout electronics Semiconductor detectors

3. Introduction A sensor measure various physical parameters –Motion –Height, weight and volume –Pressure, Tensile stress –Temperature –Flow –Irradiation –Energy –………

4. Introduction Why do we need sensors?

5. Introduction Elements of a measurement system

6. Introduction

8. Sensor Characteristics –Accuracy –Calibration –Dead-zone –Drift –Error –Hysteresis –Lag –Linearity –Operating life –Precision Sensor Characteristics –Range –Rating –Reliability –Repeatability –Reproducibility –Response –Resolution –Sensitivity –Stability –Static error –Tolerance

9. Introduction

10. Examples of Sensors Resistance Strain Gauge –Measure change in size of a solid object, due to the object being strained.

11. Examples of Sensors Measuring volume in a fuel tank 1 2

12. Examples of Sensors Piezoelectric pressure sensor –Mechanical pressure –Gas pressure

13. Examples of Sensors Audio (change in air pressure) –Recording –Mixing (Signal processing)

14. Examples of Sensors Temperature measurement, thermocouple element

15. Examples of Sensors Temperature measurement by heat radiation

16. Basic readout electronics Purpose –Amplify small signal from the sensor –Signal processing to suppress noise

17. Basic readout electronics Operational amplifier –Voltage Comparator –Voltage amplifier Inverting Non-inverting

18. Basic readout electronics Operational amplifier –Differential amplifier –Instrumentation amplifier

19. Basic readout electronics Operational amplifier –Voltage amplifier –Current amplifier –Charge sensitive amp.

20. Semiconductor detectors

25. SiO 2 Al L n-type Si substrate P+P+ n+n+ hv eh i1i1 i2i2 0 XcXc Low non linearity ~0.1% Independent of light spot focus Simple calculation of the position Lateral photoeffect PSD

26. Applied Sensor Technology Semiconductor physics Semiconductor processing Analog Electronics http://apachepersonal.miun.se/~gorthu/AST/