2. Using the Web for Research Steve Grant Library Media Teacher La Jolla High School © 1999 Revised 22 October 2002

3. 2 These days, why teach this? n Janice Morrisson, CTAP Region 4, visited 39 high schools in Bay Area & surrounds during DHS 1 st -yr. Implementation and found… 4Kids think they know more than their teachers know about using the Web 4Kids think they know more themselves than they in fact do

4. 3 Why? n LMTs think kids retain more from info. lit. instruction than they in fact do 4Either no instruction, or typically one shot, as freshmen 4Students think it only applies to that particular course / assignment

5. 4 Why? n Of schools that do teach it… 4Most teach citation 4Some teach searching strategies 4Few teach evaluation n (No wonder; that’s the hardest!)

6. 5 Why? n Students believe most of what they find online 4Think they can spot the bad stuff, but can’t tell you how they know it’s bad 4“Looks good and sounds good? Good enough!” 4Most teachers don’t know evaluation techniques, either

7. 6 Why? n Students need to be explicitly taught information literacy skills 4Freshman year n Same skills should be revisited and reinforced in every subject area every year [Morrison] Morrison

8. 7 Overview of the Lesson n Grade levels: 9-12 4Maybe 7th/8th 4College freshmen (depending on prior knowledge)

9. 8 Overview of the Lesson n Structure 4Search tools & techniques n Directories/indexes, engines, meta-search n Sample searches n Includes Boolean & search operator symbols (+, -, “ ”) 4Evaluation guidelines 4Citation 4Overview of the research process

10. 9 Overview of the Lesson n Time required: Three to five 55- min. periods... 42-3 to teach search skills, evaluation 41-2 to teach citation & research process overview 4If in lab, allows some individual practice each period 4Practice to an empty room to calculate your own schedule

11. 10 Overview of the Lesson n Strongly recommend you teach in context of a just-assigned “real” research project 4For “real points” in a “real class” 4Collaborate with your library media teacher or librarian!

12. 11 How You Get the Stuff n Download files from: http://ljhs.sandi.net/faculty/SGrant/ UsingtheWeb.htm http://ljhs.sandi.net/faculty/SGrant/ UsingtheWeb.htm (on handout) http://ljhs.sandi.net/faculty/SGrant/ UsingtheWeb.htm n What you get: 4This PowerPoint slideshow 4Teaching instructions

13. 12 How You Get the Stuff n What you get (cont’d.) 4Student handouts (3): n Full text of PP slides minus search tool verbiage (names & URLs only) n Evaluation considerations (2-page “short list”) n Steps in the Research Process (2- page) 4MS Word & PDF formats

14. 13 How You Get the Stuff n What you don’t get 4Activities/exercises/quizzes for various segments n “Scaffold” to give practice / check understanding n Excellent idea… I just haven’t had time 4If you develop some and want to share, email me!

15. 14 How Big is the Web? n How many individual Web pages? n How big is a billion? 4Stack of paper: 1 billion sheets = How tall? 463 miles! n Are there a billion pages on the Web?

16. 15 How Big Is the Web? n 2.5 billion Web pages 4“Visible Web” 4550 billion including “deep [invisible] Web” n 7.5 million added every day [Lyman, 11/00] Lyman n November 2000 figures

17. 16 How Big Is the Web? n How big is the Web November 2002? 4Add 7.5M pages per day for 2 years… 47.9 billion pages! 4Stack of paper 497 miles tall! n Many Web pages print to more than one sheet of paper n “Deep/Invisible” Web? Who knows?

18. 17 Major Search Tools n Over 2,500 search “tools” on the Web [“Part 1”] “Part 1”]“Part 1”] n 13 of the major ones: www.infopeople.org/search/ chart.html www.infopeople.org/search/ chart.html

19. 18 Major Search Tools n Each searches different number of pages n Way those pages are gathered varies 4Submitted by humans? 4Gathered by “bots”/“spiders”? 4Selected & reviewed by humans?

20. 19 Major Search Tools n Few use exactly same search rules n Some search only “selected”/ ”annotated” / ”reviewed” sites 4Upside: Usually annotated by humans 4Downside: Not as many Web pages searched

21. 20 Major Search Tools n Chart divides into 3 types: 4“Search Engines” 4“Meta-search Engines” (search several search engines at once) 4“Subject Directories” (or “Indexes”)

22. 21 Major Search Tools n Search engines (“keyword” search engines) 4Generate list of Web pages containing keywords you give them n List: “Results” or “Hits” 4Options to search just titles, links on or to those pages, etc. 4Alta Vista, Google

23. 22 Major Search Tools n Meta-search engines 4Hand off your search to several major keyword search engines, gather all results, give you one list of everything found in any of them 4Ixquick, Vivisimo, AskJeeves n We’ll look at three others

24. 23 Major Search Tools n Subject directories or Indexes 4Like searching for books in library’s catalog 4List Web pages under subject headings n Yahoo: “Categories”

25. 24 Kinds of Search Tools n Subject directories/indexes (cont’d) 4Many keyword engines include directories, but… 4Not as good as dedicated ones n Librarians’ Index, Yahoo, InfoMine, Academic Info

26. 25 Subject Directories (or “Indexes”) Yahoo! www.yahoo.com n Arguably most extensive subject directory 42 million out of 7.9 billion Web pages… less than 0.02% [Leita] Leita n “Drill down” from general to sub- categories

27. 26 Subject Directory: Yahoo! n Top: Full path shows “where you came from” (where you are) n Click any part of path to go back 4Example: click Science, then Ecology Note path at top of page Look at Web pages listed

28. 27 Subject Directory: Yahoo! n Category terms are boldface; Web page links are normal n Categories with “@” take you to another “branch” in categories tree 4Example: click Sustainable Development@ Now note at path at top of page

29. 28 Subject Directory: Yahoo! n Also provides keyword search engine 4Example: Keyword search: sustainable development

30. 29 Subject Directory: Yahoo! n Keyword search hit list 4First hits listed: “Category Matches” n Hits only from text of subject terms themselves n No annotations 4Then “Sponsor Matches” n Warning! These sites have paid to be featured

31. 30 Subject Directory: Yahoo! 4Then “Yahoo! Web Site Matches” n Hits only from Web site titles or annotations n All annotations show n Keywords are boldfaced in annotations or titles themselves

32. 31 Subject Directory: Yahoo! n Keyword search hit list (continued) 4You can then go to “Web pages” Scroll to top of page, click “Web Pages” 4Hits from Google keyword search engine 4No annotations… just first few words from beginning of each Web page

33. 32 Subject Directories Librarians’ Index to the Internet lii.org n Not for librarians… created by librarians n Downside: Way fewer Web pages (10,000… 0.0001%) [Leita] Leita 4Why bother?

34. 33 Subject Directory: Librarians’ Index n Upside: Quality 4All “useful to public library users” 4“Evaluated and annotated by librarians”--information experts... n Expert at spotting useful information n Expert at writing useful annotations

35. 34 Subject Directory: Librarians’ Index n Organized a little differently 4Top level: 14 broad subjects n Can see a few subtopics here 4Click on main or subtopic to go list of subtopics n Click subtopic to drill down to list of Web sites/pages

36. 35 Subject Directory: Librarians’ Index n Example: Science- | Environment... Endangered Species 4Tends to list whole Websites more than individual pages Note quality of annotations! Note quality of annotations!

37. 36 Subject Directory: Librarians’ Index n Can also browse all subjects 4Home page... Advanced Search 4Browse LCSH 4“LCSH” = “Library of Congress Subject Headings” 4LCSH used in college/university libraries

38. 37 Subject Directory: Librarians’ Index n Browse LCSH (cont’d) 4Click letter your subject begins with Example: Example: click E scroll down to and click: Endangered species

39. 38 Subject Directory Academic Info academicinfo.net n 13,000 Web pages (0.00016%) [Leita] Leita n Higher-level high school, college, & research-level searching

40. 39 Subject Directory: Academic Info n Selection & annotations by a librarian n Subject headings relate well to school topics

41. 40 Subject Directory INFOMINE infomine.ucr.edu n 40,000 Web pages (0.00051%) n “Scholarly Internet resources selected and annotated by (mostly) UC librarians” [Leita] Leita n Harder to drill down to specific topic than some other directories

42. 41 Subject Directory: INFOMINE n Use a bit differently... 4Pick 1 of 12 (very) general topics 4Either keyword search or click “Subjects -- LCSH” (=Library of Congress Subject Headings) Example: Instructional Resources: K-12 | U | United States--History—Revolution…

43. 42 Subject Directory: INFOMINE n Keyword search sometimes better 4Searches only within main topic selected at beginning Example: united states history

44. 43 Keyword Search Engines AltaVista www.altavista.com 4One of the first keyword search engines 4Searches full text of 1 billion Web pages (12.7%) [Leita] Leita

45. 44 Keyword Search Engine: AltaVista n Example search: renewable energy in California Over 47,000 hits 4No true annotations... just first few lines from each page 4Not pre-selected & categorized... some hits may be “off target”

46. 45 Keyword Search Engine: AltaVista n Pages contain some of the keywords: renewable, energy, California 4Not necessarily all the words 4Not necessarily together as a “phrase”

47. 46 Keyword Search Engine: AltaVista n Some of these aren’t really about California at all 4Tip: Use browser’s “Find” to search just that Web page n To search on a phrase, use quotes: “renewable energy in California” Note way fewer hits

48. 47 Keyword Searching--Phrases renewable energy in California vs. “renewable energy in California”

49. 48 Keyword Searching--Phrases renewable energy in California Renewing Your California Driver’s License To save you time and energy, your Driver’s License is renewable via the Internet. You can renew your license by.. Energy Alternatives in California Unlike the traditional gas and electricity sources, solar, wind, and geothermal are alternative sources which can provide significant renewable energy in California... “renewable energy in California”

50. 49 Keyword Search Engine: AltaVista 4In most other keyword search engines you can use “ ” to specify a phrase 4Not always! n Some others (ex. Hotbot), select “exact phrase” from drop-down list Hotbot

51. 50 Keyword Search Engine: AltaVista n More specific searches: use “Boolean logic” terms n AND, OR, AND NOT 4Also called “search operators”

52. 51 Keyword Search Engine: AltaVista n Boolean searches in AltaVista: use “Advanced Search”… home page, to right of search entry box: click “Advanced” enter keywords in “Search with… this Boolean expression” box

53. 52 Keyword Search Engine: AltaVista n Search operators: 4AND = “must include” 4AND NOT = “must not include” 4OR = alternative terms, synonyms, alternate spellings 4( ) to group terms (esp. with OR) 4* = wildcard: “any other characters [letters, numbers, symbols]”

54. 53 Keyword Search Engine: AltaVista n Advanced Search example: (“renewable energy” OR “green energy”) AND NOT (hydro* OR dam*) n Tip: To restrict search to just titles of Web pages, use title: Example: title:“renewable energy” All page titles contain the phrase

55. 54 Keyword Search Engines-- AND, AND NOT, OR (“renewable energy” OR “green energy”)

56. 55 Keyword Search Engines-- AND, AND NOT, OR “renewable energy” AND “green energy”

57. 56 Keyword Search Engines-- AND, AND NOT, OR “renewable energy” AND “green energy” AND NOT (hydro* OR dam*)

58. 57 Keyword Search Engines-- AND, AND NOT, OR (“renewable energy” OR “green energy”) AND NOT (hydro* OR dam*)

59. 58 Keyword Search Engine: AltaVista n In AltaVista, case matters 4Jockey finds only “Jockey” 4jockey finds both “Jockey” and “jockey” 4Not true in some other engines (e.g. Google, Teoma)

60. 59 Keyword Search Engines— Search Operator Shortcuts n Commonly-used search operator shortcut symbols 4Do not use in AltaVista 4+ = AND = “must include” 4- = AND NOT = “must not include” Example: “renewable energy” -hydroelectric -dam* 4No shortcut symbol for OR

61. 60 Keyword Search Engine: AltaVista n Excellent way to learn use of + and - (and 5 other techniques)… Seven Steps Toward Better Searching http://webquest.sdsu.edu/ searching/sevensteps2001.html http://webquest.sdsu.edu/ searching/sevensteps2001.html …from Bernie Dodge, PhD (SDSU), creator of WebQuests 4Includes link to online quiz

62. 61 Other Keyword Search Engines Google www.google.com 4Searches full text of 1.5 billion plus 500 million partially-indexed [Leita] Leita n Together = 25.3% of the Web 4Hit list ranked by # of sites which link to sites listed (“popularity”)

63. 62 Other Keyword Search Engines: Google n For best results, use Advanced Search 4with all & without n with all = must include (= AND/+) n without = must not include (= AND NOT/-) 4exact phrase = “ ”

64. 63 Other Keyword Search Engines: Google 4similar to n Once you’ve found a useful page, find more like it! n Google magic… works surprisingly well 4linked to n Often pages linked to a useful page will have other useful information n Like “See also” cross reference at the end of an encyclopedia article

65. 64 Other Keyword Search Engines: Google n Excellent way to learn powerful Google search techniques: Four NETS for better searching http://webquest.sdsu.edu/ searching/fournets.htm http://webquest.sdsu.edu/ searching/fournets.htm …also from Bernie Dodge

66. 65 Other Keyword Search Engines Teoma teoma.com n Searches full text of 1 billion Web pages (12.7%) [Leita] Leita

67. 66 Other Keyword Search Engines: Teoma n Ranks by “popularity” like Google, but goes a step further... n Ranks by # of same-subject sites which link to sites listed Example: mammal lion Note “Refine” choices

68. 67 Other Keyword Search Engines: Teoma n Can also exclude terms using - … Example: mammal lion -sea -mountain n +, -, “ ” all work the same as in Google

69. 68 Other Keyword Search Engines FAST / AlltheWeb www.alltheweb.com n Searches full text of 2 billion pages (25.3%) [Leita] Leita n Clean, simple, fast n Especially good for non-text (media) searches

70. 69 Other Keyword Search Engines HotBot hotbot.lycos.com n Searches full text of 500 million pages (6.3%) [Leita] Leita n Select from drop-down list for: n the person  exact phrase n all the words or any of the words n Boolean phrase  etc.

71. 70 Other Keyword Search Engines: Hotbot 4Especially good for people searches: Salman Rushdie also finds Rushdie, Salman 4Helpful for media searches n Click “Advanced Search” button n Scroll down to “Pages Must Include”

72. 71 Keyword Search Engines: Search Operators Summary Search Engines Quick Guide www.infopeople.org/search/guide.html n Quickly see which search operators you use with Google, AllTheWeb, AltaVista, Teoma n Links to & from InfoPeople Search Tools Chart

73. 72 Meta-search Engines n Most allow you to select which keyword search engines they’ll search 4Often use “Advanced” / “Power” search to do this n Many allow search operator shortcut symbols (+, -, “ ”, etc.) to narrow your searches

74. 73 Meta-search Engines n Ixquick, Vivisimo… New kids on the block n Mamma, MetaCrawler, Dogpile not in InfoPeople chart but worth knowing about

75. 74 Meta-search Engines Ixquick ixquick.com n Searches 12 keyword search engines 4Can only select after doing a search

76. 75 Meta-search Engines: Ixquick n ‘Star’ rating system helpful: 4Ranks a hit (number of *s) according to how many engines ranked it top ten in their (your) search Example: “renewable energy” n Beware of “Sponsored” results 4Someone paid for those to be at top of your list

77. 76 Meta-Search Engines: Ixquick n Only submits to an engine if it supports search operators you used 4Allows +, -, “ ”, etc. with good results n “Highlighted Result” helpful for spotting your words in pages it found

78. 77 Meta-search Engines Vivisimo vivisimo.com n Searches 15 keyword search engines n “Clustering” feature can be helpful Example: lions cats

79. 78 Meta-Search Engines: Vivisimo n Advanced Search… 4Pick which search engines it searches 4Many of the common search operators available (+, -, “ ”, etc.)

80. 79 Meta-search Engines Ask Jeeves www.askjeeves.com n “Natural language” searching n Especially useful for searching on a question Example: How do I make a basic electronic circuit?

81. 80 Meta-search Engines Mamma www.mamma.com n Easy to use 4Enter words that relate to what you want (the more the better) 4“Natural language” searching n Even questions w/ question mark at the end

82. 81 Meta-search Engines: Mamma n Doesn’t give you thousands of hits Example: Where can I find information on alternative renewable energy? n “Power Search” additional options 4Pick which search engines n Up to 7 “free”; can skip 5 “pay per click”

83. 82 Meta-search Engines: Mamma n Can use + or - 4Example: +alternative +energy -hydroelectric

84. 83 Meta-search Engines MetaCrawler www.metacrawler.com n Searches 11 keyword search engines (select in Advanced Search) n May return more hits than Mamma n Can use +, -, “ ”

85. 84 Meta-search Engines Dogpile www.dogpile.com n Searches 14 keyword engines (select in Advanced Search) 4Including Google! n Groups results by keyword engine 4Example: renewable energy n Very popular

86. 85 So Many Tools… Which One Should I Use? Choose the Best Search for Your Information Need www.noodletools.com/debbie/literacies/ information/5locate/adviceengine.html www.noodletools.com/debbie/literacies/ information/5locate/adviceengine.html n Helps you decide, based on the kind of information or kind of search you have in mind n Search tools to access “the invisible web” 4Databases not usually searched by general (“visible Web”) search tools

87. 86 … Which One Should I Use? Specialized Search Engines and Directories webquest.sdsu.edu/searching/specialized.html n More tools to search databases for specific kinds of information n Select based on what kind of information you need n Designed to help students in Webquests 4From Bernie Dodge, SDSU

88. 87 Evaluating Web Pages Evaluation guide from UCLA Library www.library.ucla.edu/libraries/college /help/critical/index.htm www.library.ucla.edu/libraries/college /help/critical/index.htm n A lot to hold in your head as you consider a Web page

89. 88 Evaluating Web Pages Steve Grant’s “Evaluation Short List” n Is this the kind of information I need? 4“On target” for my topic? Really relevant? 4Readable? Can I understand it?

90. 89 Evaluating Web Pages: Steve Grant’s “Short List” n Sufficient? Enough to be useful? 4Merely a list of links or does it have content itself? 4Just a “sampler” or in-depth? n New information? Anything I don’t already know or have from another source?

91. 90 Evaluating Web Pages: Steve Grant’s “Short List” n Who is the intended audience? What’s the purpose of this page? 4What other pages link to this one? n To find out, use Google’s (Advanced Search) “linked to:”

92. 91 Evaluting Web Pages: Steve Grant’s “Short List” n Who wrote it? Why should I believe them? 4If they quote/cite other sources, do they cite them so I could find them? n If Web sources, should be a hyperlink

93. 92 Evaluting Web Pages: Steve Grant’s “Short List” n Author’s job title or credentials? n What else has he/she written? 4Try keyword search on author’s name (HotBot recommended) n Contact information for author? 4Email hyperlink? 4Snailmail &/or phone?

94. 93 Evaluating Web Pages: Steve Grant’s “Short List” n Is page associated with reputable institution? 4Well-known/respected organization? n University, publisher, government, etc. n Does the information seem biased? 4If so, can I still use it?

95. 94 Evaluating Web Pages: Steve Grant’s “Short List” n How current is this page? 4Look for date created or revised 4Do all its hyperlinks work? n Spelling or grammar errors?

96. 95 Citing Web Pages in MLA Style Winsor’s “Citing Sources” style guide www.winsor.edu/pages/library.cfm n Click “Using the Internet”, then “Citing Sources” n Easy “one-stop shopping” for most kinds of information sources (print & Web)

97. 96 Citing Web Pages: Winsor’s “Citing Sources” n Guide for Web pages doesn’t quite match new (1999) MLA official style [Gibaldi] Gibaldi 4Uses “Dated” & “Viewed” 4Uses “( )” instead of “<>” for URLs 4Without “Dated”, “Viewed”, and with “<>”: probably OK for some high school projects

98. 97 Citing Web Pages in MLA Style “A Guide for Writing Research Papers...” style guide webster.commnet.edu/mla/index.shtml n Both print and electronic sources n Websites: 4Point at “Citing Sources” 4Point & click on “Electronic Resources / Internet”

99. 98 Citing Web Pages: “A Guide for Writing...” n Scroll past numbered list to “Scholarly Project”, “Professional Site”, “Personal Site” n In-line citations as well as Works Cited (bibliography): scroll farther to “In-text Citation”

100. 99 Citing Web Pages: “A Guide for Writing...” n Harder to use, but more thorough and correct 4Matches MLA official style [Gibaldi] Gibaldi 4Must use for college & AP-level work

101. 100 Citing Web Pages in MLA Style Citation Styles--Online! style guide www.bedfordstmartins.com/online/ citex.html www.bedfordstmartins.com/online/ citex.html n Online sources only (no print) n Clear and MLA-correct n Also includes APA & Chicago styles

102. 101 Citing Web Pages: Online! n Bibliography entries... click “1. World Wide Web site” n In-line citation help… Scroll all the way to top or Click “Back”, then top “MLA Style” box n Ideal for AP/college

103. 102 Citing Web Pages in MLA Style NoodleBib www.NoodleTools.com n Subscription… but worth it! 4$300/year (school/district 1,000- 4,000 students) n All print and electronic sources n Interactive: builds bibliography for you!

104. 103 Citing Web Pages: NoodleBib n Complies with latest MLA style 4Now also includes APA n You fill out fields, it generates finished citation n Correct formatting & punctuation! n Excellent notations explain each field

105. 104 Citing Web Pages: NoodleBib n Save as Text file to your disk and add/edit later (using NoodleBib) n Save as RTF to open in Word (add to your research paper)

106. 105 Citing Web Pages in MLA Style easybib.com www.easybib.com n Interactive bibliography generator n Free (MLA style only) 4APA requires $5/yr. Account n Online & print sources

107. 106 Citing Web Pages: EasyBib n Saves bib. for you on Website (NoodleBib: local drive) 4Have to load by entering 19-character “number” n Write down or have emailed to you n Print directly from Web

108. 107 Citing Web Pages: EasyBib n Not as thorough or clear as NoodleBib 4Esp. difficult for online databases that are not magazines or newspapers n Prob. OK for simple, straightforward sources n Advertising

109. 108 Steps in the Research Process n Define and narrow the search problem… what exactly are you looking for? 4Identify keywords and concepts... “names for what you want” n Try “graphic organizer” techniques to help discover useful terms

110. 109 Research Process Steps: Define & Narrow n Graphic organizer techniques: www.sdcoe.k12.ca.us/score/ actbank/torganiz.htm www.sdcoe.k12.ca.us/score/ actbank/torganiz.htm n Recommended: “Clustering” (also called “Concept Mapping”) n Concept maps explained: http://www.graphic.org/concept.html 4…Identify keywords/concepts (cont’d)

111. 110 Research Process Steps: Define & Narrow n Try Inspiration software www.inspiration.com –Quickly draw “concept map” (cluster) as you brainstorm terms –Builds an outline in background while you work! 4…Identify keywords/concepts (cont’d)

112. 111 Research Process Steps n Identify Web search tools you’ll use 4Use “Help” or “Tips” for each tool to learn its particular syntax or techniques

113. 112 Research Process Steps n (Consider online databases your school/public library subscribes to) 4Usually avail. via the Web n Request login from library in person 4Often quicker to high-quality info. n (Consider library’s online catalog to find books) 4Reference books w/ great info. may not show up!… Ask librarian to show you some

114. 113 Research Process Steps n Conduct your searches using careful search strategies 4What keywords will zero in on exactly what you want? 4What keywords will exclude what you don’t want? (NOT or -) 4Should you use a phrase? (“ ”) 4Should you capitalize?

115. 114 Research Process Steps n Evaluate hits and refine search as necessary 4Relevant to what I need? 4Sufficiently current? 4Reliable? Should I believe it’s true? 4Understandable and clear?

116. 115 Research Process Steps n Try other search tools if necessary n Save/print only pages you’ve studied enough to know they’re truly useful 4Save money! Save time! 4Note URL & date for each page

117. 116 Research Process Steps n Analyze the information 4Read each page thoroughly n What does it emphasize? n What information does it contain that the others don’t? 4Underline/highlight on hardcopies

118. 117 Research Process Steps n Take notes on all original pages 4“Put away” originals & work from notes from now on! n Avoid plagiarism n Usually faster than trying to rewrite worse from originals… really! n Easier to organize notes than full text documents n Understand the information better

119. 118 Research Process Steps n Organize notes logically 4Group similar notes together 4Arrange so information flows in a logical progression n Explains and and n Supports...what you want to say 4May want to write an outline here

120. 119 Research Process Steps n Reach your own conclusions 4With all the information you’re presenting... What’s your point? n Create or refine your theme statement 4Usually expressed at the beginning of your paper or presentation

121. 120 Research Process Steps n Write your paper / speaking notes / presentation slides 4From notes, not original documents! 4Remember the advantages: n Avoid plagiarism n Understand the information better

122. 121 Research Process Steps n Cite your sources 4Create a bibliography (“Works Cited”) page or screen 4Use MLA style (unless teacher specifies another) n APA, Chicago, Turabian, etc.

123. 122 Research Process Steps n Evaluate your work 4Enough (length, depth)? n Too long or in-depth? n Unnecessary elements you should delete? 4Clear and smooth? No spelling or grammatical errors?

124. 123 Research Process Steps n Is it the best you can do? 4If not, why? n Ran out of time? n Not important enough to do your best? 4How could you do better next time?

125. 124 Works Cited Gibaldi, Joseph. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 5th ed. New York: Modern Language Association, 1999. [to Winsor] [to A Guide for Writing…] WinsorA Guide for WritingWinsorA Guide for Writing Leita, Carol. InfoPeople Search Tools Chart. 3 Nov. 2000. InfoPeople Project. 11 Nov. 2000. [to Yahoo] [to Librs’] [to AcadInfo] [to Infomine] [to AltVist] [to Google] [to Teoma] [to AlltheWeb] [to HotBot] YahooLibrs’AcadInfoInfomineAltVistGoogle Teoma AlltheWebHotBotYahooLibrs’AcadInfoInfomineAltVistGoogle Teoma AlltheWebHotBot Lyman, Peter et. al. How Much Information? 2000. University of California at Berkeley. 11 Nov. 2000. [to How Big] to How Bigto How Big

126. 125 Works Cited (cont’d) Morrison, Janice. “Teaching Kids to Surf the Internet Without Wiping Out: What Teachers Need to Know About Information Literacy.” Fall CUE 2002. Computer Using Educators. Sacramento Convention Center, Sacramento. 25 Oct. 2002. [to Why?] Why? “Part 1: The Size of the Internet.” Tutorial: Guide to Effective Searching on the Internet. 2000. BrightPlanet.com. 11 Nov. 2000. [to 2500 Search Tools] to 2500 Search Toolsto 2500 Search Tools