1. The System Life Cycle Week 14 LBSC 690 Information Technology

2. Agenda Questions Systems analysis Building complex systems Managing complex systems Final exam review

3. The System Life Cycle Systems analysis –How do we know what kind of system to build? User-centered design –How do we discern and satisfy user needs? Implementation –How do we build it? Management –How do we use it?

4. Systems Analysis First steps: –Understand the task Limitations of existing approaches –Understand the environment Structure of the industry, feasibility study Then identify the information flows –e.g., Serials use impacts cancellation policy Only then can you design a solution

5. Analyze the Information Flows Where does information originate? –Might come from multiple sources –Feedback loops may have no identifiable source Which parts should be automated? –Some things are easier to do without computers Which automated parts should be integrated? What other systems are involved? –And what information do they contain?

6. Analyzing Information Flows Process Modeling –Structured analysis and design –Entity-relationship diagrams –Data-flow diagrams Object Modeling –Object-oriented analysis and design –Unified Modeling Language (UML)

7. Some Library Activities Acquisition Cataloging Reference –Online Public Access Catalog (OPAC) Circulation Weeding Reserve, recall, fines, interlibrary loan, … Budget, facilities schedules, payroll,...

8. Discussion Point: Integrated Library System What functions should be integrated? What are the key data flows? Which of those should be automated?

9. User-Centered Design Start with user needs –Who are the present and future users? –How can you understand their needs? Evaluate available technology –Off-the-shelf solutions –Custom-developed applications Implement something Evaluate it with real users

10. The Waterfall Model Key insight: invest in the design stage –An hour of design can save a week of debugging! The motivation behind DoD Standard 2167 –Requirements Specifies what the software is supposed to do –Specification Specifies the design of the software –Test plan Specifies how you will know that it did it

11. The Waterfall Model Requirements Specification Software Test Plan

12. The Spiral Model Build what you think you need –Perhaps using the waterfall model Get a few users to help you debug it –First an “alpha” release, then a “beta” release Release it as a product (version 1.0) –Make small changes as needed (1.1, 1.2, ….) Save big changes for a major new release –Often based on a total redesign (2.0, 3.0, …)

13. The Spiral Model 1.0 0.5 2.0 3.0 1.1 1.2 2.1 2.2 2.3

14. Some Unpleasant Realities The waterfall model doesn’t work well –Requirements usually incomplete or incorrect The spiral model is expensive –Redesign leads to recoding and retesting

15. The Rapid Prototyping Model Goal: explore requirements –Without building the complete product Start with part of the functionality –That will (hopefully) yield significant insight Build a prototype –Focus on core functionality, not in efficiency Use the prototype to refine the requirements Repeat the process, expanding functionality

16. Rapid Prototyping + Waterfall Update Requirements Choose Functionality Build Prototype Initial Requirements Write Specification Create Software Write Test Plan

17. Implementation Requirements Availability –Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) –Mean Time To Repair (MTTR) Capacity –Number of users for each application –Response time Flexibility –Upgrade path

18. Alternative Architectures Batch processing (e.g., recall notices) –Save it up and do it all at once Timesharing (e.g., OPAC) –Everyone uses the same machine Client-Server (e.g., Web) –Some functions done centrally, others locally Peer-to-Peer (e.g., Kazaa) –All data and computation is distributed

19. Management Issues Retrospective conversion –Even converting electronic information is expensive Management information –Peak capacity evaluation, audit trails, etc. –Sometimes costs more to collect than it is worth! Training –Staff, end-users Privacy

20. Hands On: What Goes Wrong? Check out Risks Digest for a random date –http://catless.ncl.ac.uk/Risks –Pick a random date near your birthday Find a case of unexpected consequences Try to articulate the root cause –Not the direct cause

21. Discussion Points: Managing Complex Systems Critical system availability –Why can’t we live without these systems? Understandability –Why can’t we predict what systems will do? Nature of bugs –Why can’t we get rid of them? Auditability –How can we learn to do better in the future?

22. Critical Infrastructure Protection Telecommunications Banking and finance Energy Transportation Emergency services Food and agriculture Water Public health Postal and shipping Defense industrial base Chemical industry and hazardous materials SCADA: Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition

23. National Cyberspace Strategy Response system –Analysis, warning, response, recovery Threat and vulnerability reduction Awareness and training program –Return on investment, best practices Securing government systems International cooperation

24. Summary Systems analysis –Required for complex multi-person tasks User-centered design –Multiple stakeholders complicate the process Implementation –Architecture, open standards, … Management –Typically the biggest cost driver

25. Talk to Me About the Exam! About 5 questions –Same question styles as the midterm –Some may require use of the computer Comprehensive - covers the entire course –Emphasis and structure from the second half Two hours Post-exam discussion at Bentley’s

26. The Grand Plan Networks XML Multimedia Computers Interaction Search Communication Web Life Cycle Policy Databases Programming Web Databases Midterm Project Final Quiz

27. Computer Systems Hardware –Types of hardware –Storage hierarchy –Moore’s law Software –Types of software –Types of interfaces

28. Networks Types of Networks –LAN, WAN, Internet, Wireless Packet Switching –Ethernet, routers, routing tables Layered Architecture and protocols –TCP/UDP –IP address/domain name Encryption

29. Structured Documents My Browser The Web –HTTP, HTML, URL XML

30. Multimedia Compression, compression, compression –Image: lossy vs loseless –Video: frames are alike –Speech: voice predictable –Music: masking Streaming Media Sever Internet Buffer

31. Human-Computer Interaction Human-machine synergy Mental models Input and output devices Interaction styles –Direct manipulation, menu, language based

32. Programming Programming languages –Machines require low-level specific instructions –Humans require high-level abstraction Can create any behavior from 3 control structures –Sequential execution –Conditional –Iteration Javascript interpreters are in Web browsers

33. Databases Structured information –Field->record->table->database –Primary key Normalized tables (relations) –Remove redundancy, inconsistency, error –Easy update, search Join links tables together –Through foreign key Access provides visual operations

34. Web-Database Integration Access “Data Access Pages” PHP SQL

35. Computer-Mediated Communication Synchronous / Asynchronous Remote / local One-to-one / many-to-many Computer-Supported Cooperative Work

36. The Web Huge, dynamic, redundant, and diverse Multimedia, multilingual, multicultural Deep Web Internet Archive

37. Search Exact match Term-based ranked retrieval Recommender systems Web search –Links and anchor text Evaluation

38. Policy Ownership –Equitable access –Controlled access Identity –Choosing good passwords Privacy –Government / commercial Integrity

39. Life Cycle Systems analysis Software development models Managing complex systems

40. R.J. Bentley’s Filling Station Thursday Dec 15, 2005 at 8:30 P.M.