1. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 1 Project Management Chapter 3

2. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 2 Key Definitions Project management is the process of planning and controlling the development of a system within a specified timeframe at a minimum cost with the right functionality. A project manager has the primary responsibility for managing the hundreds of tasks and roles that need to be carefully coordinated.

3. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 3 CREATING THE WORK PLAN

4. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 4 A Workplan Example Work Plan InformationExample Name of taskPerform economic feasibility Start date`Jan 05, 2001 Completion dateJan 19, 2001 Person assignedMary Smith, sponsor Deliverable(s)Cost-benefit analysis Completion statusOpen PriorityHigh Resources neededSpreadsheet Estimated time16 hours Actual time14.5 hours

5. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 5 Identifying Tasks Top-down approach Identify highest level tasks Break them into increasingly smaller units Methodology Using standard list of tasks

6. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 6 Top Down Task Identification Phases Phases with high level steps Work PlanDeliverablesEstimatedActual Assigned hourshoursTo *

7. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 7 Estimating a Project Based on Industry Information Planning Analysis Design Implementation Industry Standard For Web15% 20% 35% 30% Applications Time Required 4 5.33 9.33 8 in Person Months

8. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 8 Time Estimation Using a More Complex Approach

9. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 9 Estimation Trade-offs Size Function points Lines of code Effort Person-months Time Months

10. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 10 Getting the Right Numbers for Estimation Prior projects Past experience Industry standards Detailed analysis

11. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 11 Function Point Estimation --Step One Complexity DescriptionLow MediumHighTotal Inputs__x 3 __x 4 __x 6____ Outputs__x 4 __x 5__x 7____ Queries__x 3 __x 4__x 6____ Files__x 7 __x 10__x 15____ Program__x 5 __x 7__x 10____ Interfaces TOTAL UNADJUSTED FUNCTION POINTS____

12. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 12 Function Points Estimation --Step Two Scale of 1 to 5 Data Communications _____ Heavy Use Configuration _____ Transaction Rate _____ End-User efficiency _____ Complex Processing _____ Installation Ease _____ Multiple sites _____ Performance _____ Distributed functions _____ On-line data entry _____ On-line update _____ Reusability _____ Operational Ease _____ Extensibility _____ Project Complexity (PC) _____

13. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 13 Function Point Estimation -- Step 3 Processing Complexity (PC):________ (From Step 2) Adjusted Processing Complexity (PCA) =0.65 + (0.001 * ____ ) Total Adjusted Function Points:_____ * ____ = (TUFP -- From Step 1)

14. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 14 Function Points Estimation --Step Four Adjusted Project Complexity =.065 + (0.01 * Project Complexity) Total Adjusted Function Points = Adjusted Project Complexity * TUFP

15. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 15 Converting Function Points to Lines of Code Source: Capers Jones, Software Productivity Research LanguageLOC/Function Code Point C COBOL JAVA C++ Turbo Pascal Visual Basic PowerBuilder HTML Packages (e.g., Access, Excel) 130 110 55 50 30 15 10-40

16. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 16 Your Turn It takes time and effort to produce even rough estimates of the function points for a given project What would you need to make it worthwhile?

17. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 17 Estimating Effort Function of size and production rate COCOMO model

18. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 18 COCOMO Estimation Calculation Effort =1.4 * thousands-of- (in Person-lines-of-code Months) Example: If LOC = 2000 Then... Effort =(1.4 * 2000)= 28 Person Months

19. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 19 Estimating Schedule Time Rule of thumb for estimation Schedule Time (months) = 3.0 * person-months 1/3

20. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 20 Staffing Attributes Staffing levels will change over a project’s lifetime Adding staff may add more overhead than additional labor Using teams of 8-10 reporting in a hierarchical structure can reduce complexity

21. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 21 Increasing Complexity with Larger Teams

22. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 22 Your Turn How do you know how many people to assign to a project? How do you know what special skills will be needed for completion of the project?

23. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 23 Timeboxing Fixed deadline Reduced functionality, if necessary Fewer “finishing touches”

24. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 24 Timeboxing Steps Set delivery date Deadline should not be impossible Should be set by development group Prioritize features by importance Build the system core Postpone unfinished functionality Deliver the system with core functionality Repeat steps 3-5 to add refinements and enhancements

25. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Work PlanDeliverablesEstimatedActual Assigned hourshours to * What Should CD Selections’ Work Plan Include?

26. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Calculate the Function Points Estimate for CD Selections

27. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 27 STAFFING THE PROJECT

28. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 28 Key Definitions The staffing plan describes the kinds of people working on the project The project charter describes the project’s objectives and rules A functional lead manages a group of analysts A technical lead oversees progress of programmers and technical staff members

29. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 29 Motivation Use monetary rewards cautiously Use intrinsic rewards Recognition Achievement The work itself Responsibility Advancement Chance to learn new skills

30. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 30 Conflict Avoidance Strategies Clearly define roles and project plans Hold individuals accountable Project charter listing norms and groundrules Develop schedule commitments ahead of time Forecast other priorities and their possible impact on the project

31. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. RoleDescriptionAssigned to What Should CD Selections’ Staffing Plan Include?

32. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 32 CONTROLLING AND DIRECTING THE PROJECT

33. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 33 The Hurricane Model Project Stage Time

34. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 34 Margins of Error in Cost and Time Estimates Typical margins of Error for Well-done Estimates PhaseDeliverableCost (%)time (%) PlanningSystem Request40060 Project Plan10025 AnalysisSystem Proposal5015 DesignSystem Specification2510 Source: Boehm et al. (1995)

35. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 35 Tracking Tasks Using Gantt Chart Action Week 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

36. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 36 CASE Tools Initiation Analysis Design Implementation Upper CASELower CASE Integrated CASE (I-CASE)

37. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 37 Procedural Metadata Logic DiagramsScreen Designs CASE Repository CASE Components

38. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 38 Standards Examples Formal rules for naming files Forms indicating goals reached Programming guidelines  Can you think of more examples?

39. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 39 Documentation Project binder Table of contents Continual updating

40. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 40 Managing Scope Scope creep -- a major cause of development problems JAD and prototyping Formal change approval Charging for changes

41. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 41 Managing Risk Risk assessment Actions to reduce risk Revised assessment

42. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 42 Classic Mistakes Overly optimistic schedule Failing to monitor schedule Failing to update schedule Adding people to a late project

43. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 43 Summary Project management is critical to successful development of new systems Project management involves planning, controlling and reporting on time, labor, and costs.

44. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 44 Expanding the Domain For more detail on project management, visit the project management institute and its special interest group on information systems: www.pmi.org www.pmi-issig.org