1. Jerry Bernardini Community College of Rhode Island
Introduction to Wireless Networking Module-01 Wireless Standards, Organizations and Applications
Jerry Bernardini
Community College of Rhode Island
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2. Presentation Reference Material
CWNA Certified Wireless Network Administration Official Study Guide, Fourth Edition, Tom Carpenter, Joel Barrett Chapter-1
CWNA Exam Requirements
IP-Addressing Notes
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3. Abbreviated Wireless Network History ??dates
1830: Professor Joseph Henry transmitted the first practical electrical signal.
1880: Maxwell’s Equations
1905: Marconi
1920: Radio Receivers
1935: Television
1941: Radar
1958: Satellite
1970: ALOHAnet
1990: Internet
1998: WLAN
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4. Why Study Wireless Networks? A Partial List
Cordless phones
Wireless Voice over IP phones
Wireless print servers
Wireless access points, routers, and bridges
Radio Frequency Identification devices
Wireless presentation gateways
Wireless conferencing systems
Laptop computers, PDAs, and other mobile wireless client
device
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5. Wireless Industry Guided by Three Categories of Organizations
Regulation- Boundaries of Operation
Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)
Power limits and Frequencies
Standardization- How systems work together
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
a, b, g, n
Compatibility – Tests for interoperability
Wi-Fi Alliance
If you buy Wi-Fi certified gear it work with other Wi-Fi gear
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6. FCC - Federal Communications Commission
Regulatory Bodies – City, State, Country
FCC- Born in 1934 to regulate radio, television, cable, satellite and wire communications
FCC regulates
Radio frequencies
Output power levels
Indoor and Outdoor usage
Every country has regulatory bodies
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7. Wireless Networking J. Bernardini
FCC Wireless Bands
1985:Industry, Scientific and Medical Industrial License-Free Bands – ISM Bands
900 MHz band, (900 to 928 MHz range)
2.4 GHz band, (2.4 to GHz range)
5 GHz band, (5.725 to GHz range)
1997: Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure U-NII bands
5.15 to 5.25 GHz
5.25 to 5.35 GHz
5.725 to GHz
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8. Wireless Networking J. Bernardini
FCC Unlicensed Bands
Advantages
Disadvantages
No licenses required
No Fees
No Permits
Comply with rules and build anything
Everyone can use the bands
Interference between users
Bandwidth Contention
First-come-first –serve
Interference from late-comers
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9. FCC Regulates Frequencies
Frequencies are grouped into bands
Wireless LAN bands include: (Hz = Hertz)
Frequency Band
Total Bandwidth
License-Free Band
2400–2500 MHz
100 MHz
ISM
5.15–5.25 GHz
U-NII
5.25–5.35 GHz
5.470–5.725 GHz
255 MHz
5.725–5.825 GHz
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10. FCC Power Output Limits-U-NI Bands
Limits Area Usage
U-NII 5.15–5.25 GHz
40 mW
Restricted to indoor operations
U-NII 5.25–5.35 GHz
200 mW
Indoor/outdoor
U-NII 5.470–5.725 GHz
U-NII 5.725–5.825 GHz
800 mW
Higher output power assumes outdoor operations
mw = 1/1000 watt
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11. Non-USA Standard Organizations
OfCom-Office of Communication –United Kingdom
MIC- Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications-Japan
ARIB-Association of Radio and Businesses – Japan
ACMA-Australian Communications and Media Authority
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12. Wireless Networking J. Bernardini
International Telecommunications Union Radiocommunications Sector (ITU-R)
1947: United Nations creates ITU-R to:
Promote cooperation and technical development
ITU-R maintains a database of frequencies with five administrative regions
Region A: The Americas
Region B: Western Europe
Region C: Eastern Europe
Region D: Africa
Region E: Asia and Australia
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13. Wireless Networking J. Bernardini
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers - IEEE (Eye-triple-E)
World’s leading non-profit professional organization for the advancement of technology
Mission –
promote “the engineering process of creating, developing, integrating, sharing, and applying knowledge about electronics and information technologies and sciences for the benefit of humanity and the profession.”
350,000 individual members in 150 countries.
Nearly 900 active standards with 700 under development.
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14. IEEE Wireless Standards
IEEE 802 project is the most important with multiple working groups
IEEE (Ethernet)
IEEE Wireless LAN (WLAN)
IEEE WiMAX
IEEE Mobile Broadband
Most of this course will deal with IEEE
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15. Wireless Networking J. Bernardini
IEEE Standards
1997: First ratified
Three ways of implementing a physical communications layer (PHY)
Frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS)
Direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS)
Infrared communications (not implemented extensively)
All operate at 1Mbps and 2Mbps
To be covered in depth is subsequence lessons
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16. IEEE 802.11 Amendments (details text pp.13-14)
IEEE a – OFDM, 5 GHz U-NII, 54 Mbps
IEEE b – DSSS, 2.4 Mhz ISM band, 11 Mbps
IEEE c – Bridging operation
IEEE d – regularity specifications
IEEE e – Quality of Service (QoS)
IEEE F- access point re-association
IEEE g – DSSS/OFDM, 2.4 Mhz, 54 Mbps
IEEE h – Dynamic frequency, power control
IEEE i – important security enhancements
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17. IEEE 802.11 Amendments (details text pp.14-15)
IEEE j – Mhz band in Japan
IEEE k – channel management above 5 Mhz
IEEE n –Important 100 Mbps plus WLAN
IEEE p –Intelligent Transportation Systems
IEEE r – Roaming amendment
IEEE s – Extended Mesh network interoperate
IEEE T – measurement and test conditions
IEEE u – handoffs between WiMax and WLAN
IEEE v – device management
IEEE w – improved management frames
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18. Wireless Networking J. Bernardini
More IEEE Standards
IEEE 802.1X – port-based authentication for security
IEEE Clause 33 – defines power over Ethernet (PoE)
IEEE 802.1D – bridging priority
IEEE 802.1Q – priority tagging and VLAN FOR QoS
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19. IETF – International Engineering Task Force
Primarily a volunteer organization
The most important standards organization for the Internet operation
Operates on the basis of the Request-For-Comment (RFC)
IETF issues an RFC in a technical issue
After a period of time all responses to the RFC are gather and voted on
WLAN RFC 3748, RFC 2865 are important for wireless
RFC WLAN security
RFC security and the use of RADIUS server
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20. Wireless Networking J. Bernardini
Wi-Fi Alliance
Certification organization for testing and interoperability
Ensures that devices are compatible with IEE standards
Before October 2002 know as the Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance (WECA)
Most commercial products will have a Wi-Fi logo
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21. Spread Spectrum Technology Uses
Spread spectrum is a technique of transmitting radio signals over multiple frequencies
The common method of transmitting WLAN signals
Spread Spectrum will be explained in depth in chapter-3
Spread spectrum is used by
Wireless LANs (WLANs)
Wireless PANs (WPANs)
Wireless MANs (WMANs)
Use
Examples
Range
Speeds
WLAN /Backhaul
IEEE
375 ft/ miles
> 2Mbps
WPAN
Bluetooth
1-3 meters
.723 – 3 Mbps
WMAN/ Backhaul
WiMax and EDGE
10 km
~ 40 Mbps
WWAN / backhaul
AT&T microwave
variable
~ kbps
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22. Wireless Networking J. Bernardini
Wireless LANs (WLANs)
The major application of IEEE
WLANs provide mobility and unwired fixed connectivity
Three primarily roles of WLANs
Access role
Distribution role
Core role
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23. Wireless Networking J. Bernardini
Wireless PANs (WPAN)
Wireless Personal Area Networks
10 meter radius connectivity
Primarily Bluetooth Applications
headsets
mouse
PDA
Uses 2.4 GHz ISM band which can interfere with WLAN
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24. Wireless Networking J. Bernardini
Wireless MANs (WMAN)
Wireless Metropolitan Area Network
Uses both Point-to-Point and Point-to-Multipoint
WiMAX and IEEE802.16
Leased networks covering multiple miles
Provide QoS mechanisms
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25. Wireless Networking J. Bernardini
Wireless WANs (WWANs)
Expansion of WAN technology
DSL
ISDN
Cable
WWANs connect LANs to backbone
Uses both Point-to-Point and Point-to-Multipoint
WWANs provide multi-channel communications
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26. Wireless Networking J. Bernardini
Last-Mile Delivery
Last mile is the connection between the ISP and the end user
Example: home and telephone central office
Example: Office and Cable provider hub
Last mile comes from the old telephone network design;
max of ft to central office
Last mile can be expensive
Wireless Internet Service Provider (WISP)
WISP use WiMAX (IEEE )
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27. Major Wireless Applications
SOHO – Small Office / Home Office
Less than 25 computers
Router connections
Mobile Office Network
Similar the SOHO but mobile
Mobile IP usage
Educational/Classroom Use
Hotspots
Warehousing and Manufacturing
Health Care
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28. Wireless Networking J. Bernardini
Wireless Hotspots
Hotspots often use Wi-Fi
Free and wide open
Free and secure
Subscription based
Pay-as-you-go
Mixed
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