1. Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900): Beyond Good and Evil Ethics itself is an expression of the impulse to create value, the will to life, the will to power The creation of value is good because it promotes advancement beyond the “human, all too human.” By contrast, the failure to create value, to “overcome man,” is bad because it fails to “transvaluate values”

2. Master Morality The ethical impulse is perverted by those who think that the good is determined by God or is an intrinsic characteristic of actions instead of a value for which we take responsibility The “good” man arouses fear because, in acting passionately, he challenges others. The “bad” man is despicable because he does not make any difference in the creation of values

3. Slave Morality The slave resents those who determine values and calls all who are morally creative evil: “good” means what is equally beneficial to even those who are timid and insignificant Slave (herd) values: pity, tolerance, modesty, sympathy, humility, respect for others, freedom, happiness—anything that avoids the burden of real existence and having to take responsibility for creating value