1. Chapter 9 System of Documentation 4A 9210033A Sharon 9310031A Ken 9310053A Jamie

2. 4.03 APA Style In APA journals, legal materials are given in the reference list, not in text footnotes. The reference list must be double-spaced, and entries should have a hanging indent.

3. Abbreviation Here are some acceptable abbreviation which can be used in the reference list. chap.chapter ed.edition Rev. edrevised edition 2nd ed.second edition Ed. (Eds.)Editor (Editors) Trans.Translator(s) n.d.no date p. (pp.)page (pages) Vol.Volume Vols.Volumes No.Number Pt.Part Tech. Rep.Technical Report Suppl.Supplement

4. Publishers’ location Give the location of the publishers of books, reports, brochures, and other separate, nonperiodical publications. If the publisher is a university and the name of the state is included in the name of the university, do not repeat the name in the publisher location.

5. Some locations can be listed without a state abbreviation or country because they are well known for publishing. (e.g., Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, New York) Arabic numerals APA journals use Arabic numerals because they use less space and are easier to comprehend than roman numerals.

6. 4.04 Order of References in the Reference List Alphabetizing names Alphabetize letter by letter, and note that nothing precedes something (e.g., Brown, J. R., precedes Browning, A. R.) Alphabetize the prefixes, and disregard the apostrophe. ex: MacArthur precede McAllister

7. Alphabetize surnames that contain articles and prepositions, and if a prefix is part of the surname, treat the prefix as part of the last name, but don’t forget to alphabetize it. ex: DeBase precedes De Vries If the prefix is not customarily used, put it after the initials. ex: Helmhotz, H. L. F. von Alphabetize entries with numerals as if the numerals were spelled out.

8. Order of several works by the same first author When ordering several works by the same first author, give the author’s name by the follow rules. References with one author (or more than two authors) are arranged by year of publication. ex: Hewiett, L. S. (1996). Hewiett, L. S. (1999). Cabading, J. R., & Wright, K. (2000). Cabading, J. R., & Wright, K. (2001).

9. One-author entries precede multiple- author entries beginning with the same surname. ex: Alleyne, R. L. (2001). Alleyne, R. L., & Evans, A. J. (1999).

10. Reference with the same first author and different second or third authors are arranged alphabetically by the surname of the second author or, if the second author is the same, the surname of the third author, and so on. ex: Gosling, J. R., Jerald, K., & Belfar, S. F. (2000). Gosling, J. R., & Tevlin, D. F. (1999). Hayward, D., Firsching, A., &Brown, J. (1999). Hayward, D., Firsching, A., & Smigel, J. (1999).

11. References by the same author with the same publication date are arranged alphabetically by title (excluding A or The after the date). Lowercase letters (e.g., a, b, c…) are placed after the year within parentheses, if the reference with the same authors published in the same year are identified as articles in a series (e.g., Part 1 and Part 2), order the references in the series order. ex:Baheti, J. R. (2001a). Control…. Baheti, J. R. (2001b). Roles of….

12. Order of several works by different first authors with the same surname. Alphabetize works of different authors with the same surname by the first initial. ex:Mathur, A. L., & Wallton, J. (1999). Mathur, S. E., & Ahlers, R. J. (1998).

13. Order of works with group authors or with no authors. Alphabetize group authors. Full official names should be used. ex: American Psychological Association, but not APA A parent body precedes a subdivision. ex:I-Shou University, Department of Applied English

14. If the work is signed Anonymous, the entry begins with the word Anonymous, and we alphabetize Anonymous as a true name. If there is no author, the title moves to the author position, and the entry is alphabetized by the first significant word of the title.

15. 4.05 References Included in a Meta-Analysis Integrate the studies alphabetically within the references section in order to conserve journal pages, and identify each by adding asterisk in the front. Bandura, A. J. (1977). Social learning theory Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall *Bretschneider, J. G., & McCoy, N. L. (1968). Sexual interest and behavior in healthy 80- to 102-year olds. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 14, 343-350.

16. Introduction to APA Reference Style 4.07 General Forms Periodical: Include journals, magazines, scholarly newsletters which are on regular basis. Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (year). Title of article. Title of periodical, xx, xxx- xxx.

17. Nonperiodical: Include books, reports, brochures, certain monographs, manuals, and audiovisual media. Author, A. A. (year). Title of work. Location: Publisher.

18. Part of a nonperiodical (e.g., book chapter): Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (year). Title of chapter. In A. Editor, B. Editor, & C. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pp. xxx-xxx). Location: Publisher.

19. Online periodical: Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (year). Title of article. Title of periodical, xx, xxx-xxx. Retrieved month day, year, from source.

20. Online document: Author, A. A. (2000). Title of work. Retrieved month day, year, from source. Electronic sources include aggregate databases, online journals, Web sites or Web pages, newsgroups, Web- or e-mail-based discussion group, and Web- or e-mail-based newsletters.

21. 4.08 Author Invert all authors’ name Give surnames and initials no more than 6 authors. If the authors are more than 7, use et al. to abbreviate the subsequent authors.

22. If the author’s first name is hyphenated, keep the hyphen (-) and include a period after each initial. Use commas (,) to separate authors, surnames, initials, and suffixes.

23. If the authors are more than 2, use an ampersand (&) before the last author. Spell out the full name of a group author (e.g., Australian In Vitro Fertilization Collaborative Group; National Institute of Mental Health). If authors are listed with the word with, include them in parentheses. ex: Bulatao, E. (with Winford, C. A.)

24. Place the editors’ names in the author position, and use parentheses to enclose the abbreviation Ed. Or Eds. after the last editor’s name. A work without author, move the title to the author position. Finish the element with a period. Do not add an extra period after the initial of the author. ex:Robbins, J. K..  Wrong

25. Periodical: Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Berry, A., & Harlow, T. (1993). There’s more to self- esteem than whether it is high or low: The importance of stability of self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social psychology, 65, 1190-1204. Nonperiodical: Robinson, D. N. (Ed.). (1992). Social discourse and moral judgment. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

26. 4.09 Publication Date Give the year of publication in parentheses (if the work is unpublished, give the year the work was produced). For magazines, newsletters and newspapers, give the year followed by the exact date on the publication with parentheses. Ex: (2007) Write in press in parentheses for articles that have been accepted for publication but that have not yet been published. Ex: (in press)

27. For papers and posters presented at meetings, give the year of the meeting, separate by a comma and enclose in parentheses. Ex: (1993, June) Write n.d. in parentheses if there is no date. ex: (n.d.) Finish the element with a period after the parenthesis.

28. 4.10 Title of Article or Chapter Capitalize the first word and proper nouns of the title. Do not italicize the title or place a question marks. Enclose nonroutine information that is important for identification and retrieval in brackets ([ ])after the article title. Finish the element with a period.

29. Periodical: Deutsch, F. M., Lussier, J. B., & Servis, L. J. (1993). Husbands at home: Predictors of paternal participation in childcare and housework. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1154-1166. Nonperiodical: O’Neil, J. M., & Egan, J. (1992). Men’s and women’s gender role journeys: Metaphor for healing, transition, and transformation. In B. R. Wainrib (Ed.), Gender issues across the life cycle (pp. 107-123). New York: Springer.

30. 4.11 Title of Work and Publication Information: Give the periodical title in full. Give the volume number of journals, magazines, and newsletters. Do not use Vol. before the number. If a journal or newsletter does not use volume numbers, include the month, season or other designation with the year. Ex: (1994, April) Italicize the name of the periodical and the volume number. Give inclusive page numbers. Use pp. before the number.

31. In electronic sources, page numbers are often not relevant. Use commas after the title and volume number. Finish the element with a period. Journal: Buss, D. M., & Schmitt, D. P. (1993). Sexual strategies theory: An evolutionary perspective on human mating. Psychological, Review, 100, 204-232. Magazine: Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Beyond the melting pot. Time, 135, 28-31.

32. 4.12 Title of Work: Nonperiodicals Italicize the title, and capitalize the first word of the title and of the subtitle, and proper nouns. Enclose additional information in parentheses after the title (e.g., edition, report number, volume number). Do not add a period between the title and the parenthetical information. Do not italicize the parenthetical information.

33. If a volume is part of a large, separately titled series, treat series and volume titles as a two- part title. Finish the element with a period. Ex: Saxe, G. B. (1991). Cultural and cognitive development: Studies in mathematical understanding. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

34. 4.13 Title of Work: Part of a Nonperiodical (Book Chapters) Editor: The title element for an edited book include the name of the editor preceded by the word In, and the book title with parenthetical information. Give initials and surname of all editors, and do not invert the editor’s name.

35. Use commas to separate the names, and use the ampersand (&) before the surname of the last author. Identify the editor by (Ed.) after the surname. A book with no editor, only put the word In before the book title. Finish this part of element with a comma.

36. Book title with parenthetical information: Give inclusive page number of the article or chapter in parentheses after the title. The additional information (e.g., edition, report number, or volume number) precedes the page number within the parentheses and is followed by a comma. Ex: (4th ed., pp. 1- 101) Finish the element with a period.

37. 4.14 Publication Information: Nonperiodicals Give the city. If the city is not well known for publishing or could be confused with another location, the state or province or country where the publisher is located as note on the title page of the book. Use a colon after the location. If a publisher is a university whose name include the name of state or province, do not repeat the state or province in the publisher location again.

38. Give the name of the publisher in as brief a form as is intelligible. If two or more publisher location are given, give the location listed first in the book, or give the location of the publisher’s home office. Finish the element with a period.

39. 4.15 Retrieval Information: Electronic Sources Provide the Internet address for the document at the end of the retrieval statement. If the information is retrieved from an aggregated database, providing the name of the data base, but need not to provide the address.

40. Use available from to indicate that the URL leads to information on how to obtain the cited material, rather than to the material itself. Finish the retrieval element with a period, unless it ends with an Internet address.

41. A. Periodicals

42. Elements of a reference to a periodical Herman, L. M., Kuczaj, S.A., III, & Holder, M. D. (1993). Responses to anomalous gestural sequences by a language-trained dolphin: Evidence for processing of semantic relations and syntactic information. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 122, 184-194. Article author: Herman, L. M., Kuczaj, S.A., III, & Holder, M. D. Date of publication: (1993). Article title: Responses to anomalous gestural sequences by a language-trained dolphin: Evidence for processing of semantic relations and syntactic information.

43. ˙Capitalize only the first word of the title and of the subtitle; if any, and any proper noun; don’t italicizethe title or place quotation marks around it.

44. ˙Enclose nonroutine information that is important for identification and retrieval in brackets immediately after the article title. Berkowitz, A. D. (2000, November 24). How to tackle the problem of student drinking [Letter to the editor]. The Chronicle of Higher Education, p. B20. ˙Finish the element with a period Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 122, 184-194.

45. Examples of a reference to a periodical 1. Journal article, one author Mellers, B. A. (2000). Choice and the relative pleasure of consequences. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 910-924.

46. 2. Journal article, two authors, journal paginated by issue Klimoski, R., & Palmer, S. (1993). The ADA and the hiring process in organizations. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 45(2), 10-36.

47. 3. Journal article, three to six authors Saywitz, K. J., Mannarino, A. P., Berloner, L., & Cohen, J. A. (2000). Treatment for sexually abused children and adolescents. American Psychologist, 55,1040-1049.

48. 4. Journal article, more than six authors Wolchik, S. A., West, S. G., Sandler, I. N., Tein, J., Coatsworht, D., Lengua, L., et al. (2000). An experimental evaluation of theory-based mother and mother-child programs for children of divorce. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 843-856. ˙ et al.  indicate the remaining authors of the article ˙ Parenthetical citation  (Wolchik et al.)

49. 5. Journal article in press Zuckerman, M., & Kieffer, S. C. (in press). Race differences in face-ism: Does facial prominence imply dominance? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. ˙ in press  paper has been submitted to a journal and accepted for publication ˙Without writing a year, volume, or page numbers before publication  (Zuckerman & Kieffer, in press)

50. 6. Magazine article Kandel, E. R., & Squire, L. R. (2000, November 10). Neuroscience: Breaking down scientific barriers to the study of brain and mind. Science, 290, 1113-1120. ˙volume number  290

51. 7. Newsletter article Brown, L. S. (1993, Spring). Antidomination training as a central component of diversity in clinical psychology education. The Clinical Psychologist, 46, 83-87. ˙Give the volume number  46

52. 8. Newsletter article, no author The new health-care lexicon. (1993, August/September). Copy Editor, 4, 1-2. ˙alphabetize works with no author by the first significant word in the title  “new” ˙use short title (full title if it’s short) for the parenthetical citation  (“The new health-care lexicon,”1993). ˙ Give the volume number  4

53. 9. Daily newspaper article, no author New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure (1993, July 15). The Washington Post, p. A12. ˙alphabetize works with no author by the first significant word in the title  “New” ˙use short title for the parenthetical citation  (“New Drug,” 1993)

54. 10. Daily newspaper article, discontinuous pages Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status. The Washington post, pp. A1, A4. ˙If a article appears on discontinuous pages, give all page numbers, and separate the numbers with a comma.  pp. A1, A4 or pp. B1, B3, B5-B7

55. 11. Weekly newspaper article, letter to the editor Berkowitz, A. D. (2000,November 24). How to tackle the problem of student drinking [Letter to the editor]. The Chronicle of Higher Education, p. B20. ˙Letter to the editor (LTTE or LTE)  a letter sent to a publication about issues of concern to its readers.  Usually, letters are intended for publication.

56. 12. Entire issue or special section of a journal Barlow, D. H. (Ed.). (1999). Diagnoses, dimensions, and DSM-IV: The science of classification [Special issue]. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100(3). ˙ give the editors of the issue and the title of the issue

57. ˙no editor  move the title to the author’s position, before the year of publication  Diagnoses, dimensions, and DSM-IV: The science of classification [Special issue]. (1999). Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100(3). ˙Alphabetize the all reference by the first significant word in the title ˙use short title for the parenthetical citation  (“Diagnoses,” 1991).

58. 13. Monograph with issue number and serial (or whole) number. Harris, P. L., & Kavanaugh, R. D. (1993). Young children’s understanding of pretense. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 58(1, Serial No. 231). ˙volume number  58

59. 14. Monograph bound separately as a supplement to a journal Battig, W. F., & Montague, W. E. (1969). Category norms for verbal items in 56 categories: A replication and extension of the Connecticut category norms. Journal of Experimental Psychology Monographs, 80(3, Pt. 2). ˙supplement or part number in parentheses after the issue number  (3, Pt. 2)

60. 15. Monograph bound into journal with continuous pagination Ganster, D. C., Schaubroeck, J. Sime, W. E. & Mayes, B. T. (1991). The nomological validity of the Type A personality among employed adults [Monograph]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 143-268. ˙description of form  [Monograph].

61. 16. Abstract as original source Woolf, N. J., Young, S. L., Fanselow, M. S. & Butcher, L. L. (1991). MAP-2 expression in cholinoceptive pyramidal cells of rodent cortex and hippocampus is altered by Pavlovian conditioning [Abstract]. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 17, 480 ˙description of form  [Abstract]

62. 17. Abstract from a secondary source (print periodical) Nakazato, K., Shimonaka, Y., & Homma, A. (1992). Cognitive function of centenarians: The Tokyo Metropolitan Centenarian Study. Japanese Journal of Developmental Psychology, 3, 9-16. Abstract obtained from PsycSCAN: Neuropsychology, 1993, 2 Abstract No. 604. ˙date of secondary is different from the date of the original publication, cite both date and separated by a slash  Nakazato, Shimonaka, and Homma (1992/1993)

63. 18. Journal supplement Regier, A. A., Narrow, W. E., & Rae, D. S. (1990). The epidemiology of anxiety disorders: The epidemiologic catchment area (ECA) experience. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 24(Suppl. 2), 3-14.

64. 19. Periodical published annually Fiske, S. T. (1993). Social cognition and social perception. Annual Review of Psychology, 44, 155-194.

65. 20. Non-English journal article, title translated into English Ising, M. (2000). Intensitätsabhängigkeit evozierter Potenzial im EEG: Sind impulsive Personen Augmenter oder Reducer? [Intensity dependence in event-related EEG potentials: Are impulsive individuals augmenters or reducers?]. Zeitschrift für Differentielle und Diagnostische Psychologie, 21, 208-217.

66. 21. English translation of a journal article, journal paginated by issue Stutte, H. (1972). Transcultural child psychiatry. Acta Paedopsychiatrica, 38(9), 229-231.

67. 22. Citation of a work discussed in a secondary source Text citation: Seidenberg and McClelland’s study (as cited in Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993) Reference list entry: Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P., & Haller, M. (1993). Models of reading aloud: Dual-route and parallel-distributed-processing approaches. Psychological Review, 100, 589-608.

68. B. Books, Brochures, and Book Chapter

69. Elements of a reference to a periodical Beck, C. A. J., & Sales, B. D. (2001). Family mediation: Fact, myths, and future prospects. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Book authors: Beck, C. A. J., & Sales, B. D. Date of publication: (2001). Book title: Family mediation: Fact, myths, and future prospects. Publication information: Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

70. Examples of a reference to a periodical 23. Book, third edition, Jr. in name Mitchell, T. R., & Larson, J. R., Jr. (1987). People in organizations: An introduction to organizational behavior (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

71. 24. Book, group author (government agency) as publisher Australian Bureau of Statistics. (1991). Estimated resident population by age and sex in statistical local areas, New South Wales, June 1990 (No. 3209.1). Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Author.

72. 25. Edited book Gibbs, J. T., & Huand, L. N. (Eds.). (1991). Children of color: Psychological interventions with minority youth. San Francisco: Jossey- Bass.

73. 26. Book, no author or editor Merriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary (10th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam- Webster. ˙ use a short title in place an author name in citation  ( Merriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary,1993 ).

74. 27. Book, revised edition Rosenthal, R. (1987). Meta-analytic procedures for social research (Rev. ed.). Newburry Park, CA: Sage.

75. 28. Several volumes in a multivolume edited work, publication over period of more than 1 year Koch, S. (Ed.). (1959-1963). Psychology: A study of science (Vols. 1-6). New York: McGraw-Hill. ˙in text, use the parenthetical citation  (Koch, 1959-1963).

76. 29. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. DSM–III (1980) third edition DSM–III–R (1987) third edition, revised DSM–IV (1994) fourth edition DSM–IV–TR (2000) text revision

77. 30. Encyclopedia or dictionary Sadie, S. (Ed.). (1980). The new Grove dictionary of music and musicians (6th ed., Vols. 1-20). London: Macmillan.

78. 31. Non-English book Piaget, J., & Inhelder, B. (1951). La genèse de l’ idée de hasard chez l’enfant [The origin of the idea of chance in the child]. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.

79. 32. English translation of a book Laplace, p.-S. (1951). A Philosophical essay on probabilities (F. W. Truscott & F. L. Emory, Trans.). New York: Dover. (Original work published 1814) ˙cite the original publication date and the date of the translation  (Laplace, 1814/ 1951)

80. 33. Brochure, corporate author Research and Training Center on Independent Living. (1993). Guidelines for reporting and writing about people with disabilities (4th ed.) [Brochure]. Lawrence, KS: Author.

81. Elements of a reference to an article or chapter in an edited book Massaro, D. (1992). Broadening the domain of the fuzzy logical model of perception. In H. L. Pick Jr., P. van den Broek, & D. C. Knill (Eds.), Cognition: Conceptual and methodological issues (pp. 51-84). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

82. Examples of a reference to articles or chapters in edited books 34. Article or chapter in and edited book, two editors Bjork, R. A. (1989). Retrieval inhibition as an adaptive mechanism in human memory. In H. L. Roediger III & F. I. M. Craik (Eds.), Varieties of memory & consciousness (pp. 309-330). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

83. 35. Article or chapter in an edited book in press, separately titled volume in a multivolume work (two-part title) Auerbach, J. S. (in press). The origins of narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder: A theoretical and empirical reformulation. In J. M. Masling & R. F. Bornstein (Eds.), Empirical studies of psychoanalytic theories: Vol. 4. Psychoanalytic perspectives in psychopathology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. ˙ Text, use the parenthetical citation  (Auerbach, in press)

84. 36. Chapter in a volume in a series Maccoby, E. E., & Martin, J. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent-child interaction. In P. H. Mussen (Series Ed.) & E. M. Hetherington (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 4. Socialization, Personality, and social development (4th ed., pp. 1-101). New York: Wiley.

85. 37. Non-English article or chapter in an edited book, title translated into English Davydiv, V. V. (1972). De introductie van het begrip grootheid in de eerste klas van de basisschool: Een experimenteel onderzoek [The introduction of the concept of quantity in the first grade of the primary school: An experimental study]. In C. F. Van Parreren & J. A. M. Carpay (Eds.), Sovjetpsychologen aan het woord (pp. 227-289). Groningen, The Netherlands: Wolters-Noordhoff.

86. 38. Entry in an encyclopedia Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new encyclopedia Britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501-508). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.

87. 39. English translation of an article or chapter in an edited book, volume in a multivolume work, republished work Freud, S. (1961). The ego and the id. In J. Strachey (Ed. & Trans.), The Standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 19, pp. 3-66). London: Hogarth Press. (Original work published 1923) ˙in text, use the parenthetical citation  (Freud, 1923/1961)

88. 40. English translation of an article or chapter in an edited book, reprint from another source Piaget, J. (1988). Extracts from Piaget’s theory (G. Gellerier & J. Langer, Trans.). In K. Richardson & S. Sheldon (Eds.), Cognitive development to adolescence: A reader (pp. 3-18). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. (Reprinted from Manual of child psychology, pp. 703-732, by P.H. Mussen, Ed., 1970, New York: Wiley) ˙In text, use the parenthetical citation  (Piaget, 1970/1988)

89. C. Technical and Research Reports

90. Elements of a reference to a report Mazzeo, J., Druesne, B., Raffeld, P. C., Checketts. K.T., & Muhlstein, A. (1991). Comparability of computer and paper-and-pencil scores for two CLEP general examinations (College Board Rep. No. 91-5). Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service.

91. 45. Government report not available from GPO or a document deposit service, article or chapter in an edited collection Mattews, K. A, (1985). Assessment of Type A behavior, anger, and hostility in epidemiologic studies of cardiovascular disease. In A. M. Ostfield &E. D. Eaker (Eds.), Measuring psychological variables in epidemiologic studies of cardiovascular disease (NIH Publication No. 85-2270, pp. 153-183). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

92. 46. Report from a university Broadhurst, R. G., & R.A. (1991). Sex offending and Recidivism (Tech. Rep. No. 3). Nedlands Western Australia: University of Western Australia, Crime Research Centre.

93. 47. Report from a university, edited report, monograph Shuker, R., Openshaw, R., & Soler, J. (Eds.). (1990). Youth, media, and moral panic in New Zealand From hooligans to video nasties (Delta Reasearch Monograph No. 11). Palmerston North, New Zealand: Massey University, Department of Education.

94. 48. Report from a private organization Employee Benefit Research Institute. (1992, February). Sources of health insurance and characteristics of the uninsured (Issue Brief No. 123). Washington, DC: Author.

95. D. Proceedings of Meetings and Symposia Example 49: Published proceedings, published contribution to a symposium, article or chapter in an edited book Deci, E. L., &Ryan, R. M. (1991). A motivational approach to self: Integration in personality. In R. Dienstbier (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Vol. 38. Perspectives on motivation (pp.237- 288). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. * Proper noun  capitalized the name of the symposium.

96. Example 50: Proceeding published regularly Cynx, J., Williams, H., & Nottebohm, F. (1992). Hemispheric differences in avian song discrimination 〔 Abstract 〕. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 89, 1372-1375 * If only an abstract of the article appears in the proceedings  insert 〔 Abstract 〕 after the article title, before the period.

97. Example 51: Unpublished contribution to a symposium Lichstein, K. L., Johnson, R. S., Womack, T. D., Dean, J.E., & Childers, C.K. (1990, June) Relaxation therapy for poly - pharmacy use in elderly insomniacs and noninsomniacs. In T. L. Rosenthal (Chair), Reducing medication in geriatric populations. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the First International Congress of Behavioral Medicine, Uppsala, Sweden. * Give the month of the symposium.

98. Example 52: Unpublished paper presented at a meeting Lanktree, C., & Briere, J. (1991, January). Early data on the Trauma symptom Checklist for Children (TSC-C). Paper presented at the meeting of the American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children, San Diego, CA.

99. Example 53: Poster session Ruby, J., & Fulton, C. (1993, June). Beyond reading: Editing software that works. Poster session presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Scholarly Publishing, Washington, DC. * Give the month of the meeting.

100. E. Doctoral Dissertations and Master’s Theses Example 54: Doctoral dissertation abstracted in Dissertation Abstracts International (DAI) and obtained from UMI Bower, D. L. (1993). Employee assistant programs supervisory referrals: Characteristics of referring and nonreferring supervisors. Dissertation Abstracts International, 54 (01), 534B. (UMI No. 9315947)

101. Example 55: Doctoral dissertation abstracted in DAI and obtained from the university Ross, D. F. (1990). Unconscious transference and mistaken identity: When a witness misidentifies a familiar but innocent person from a lineup (Doctoral dissertation, Cornell University, 1990) Dissertation abstracts International, 51, 417.

102. Example 56: Unpublished doctoral dissertation Wilfley, D.E. (1989). International analyses of bulimia: Normal-weight and obese. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Missouri, Columbia. * If a dissertation does not appear in DAI  use this format.

103. Example 57: Unpublished master’s thesis, university outside the United Stated Almeida, D. M. (1990). Fathers’ participation in family work: Consequences for fathers’ stress and father – child relations. Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. * Give the name of the city which doesn’t included in the name of the university.

104. F. Unpublished Work and Publications of Limited circulation Example 58: Unpublished manuscript not submitted for publication Stinson, C., Milbrath, C., Reidbord, S., & Bucci, W. (1992). Thematic segmentation of psychotherapy transcripts for convergent analyses. Unpublished manuscript.

105. Example 59: Unpublished manuscript with a university cited Dépret, E. F., & Fiske, S. T. (1993). Perceiving the powerful: Intriguing individuals versusthreatening groups. Unpublished manuscript, University of Massachusetts at Amherst. * If the university is located outside the US  identified the country.

106. Example 60: Manuscript in progress or submitted for publication but not yet accepted McIntosh, D. N. (1993). Religion as schema, with implications for the relation between religion and coping. Manuscript submitted for publication. * Manuscript  submitted  don’t give the name of the journal or publisher. * A manuscript accepted for publication but not yet published  in – press reference. * Manuscript in preparation for last sentence. * Use the year of the draft you read.

107. Example 61: Unpublished raw data from study, untitled work Bordi, F., & LeDoux, J. E. (1993). 〔 Auditory response latencies in rat auditory cortex 〕. Unpublished raw data. * Use brackets to indicate the material is a description of content, not a title.

108. Example 62: Publication of limited circulation Klombers, N. (Ed.). (1993, Spring). ADAA Reporter. (Available from the Anxiety Disorders Association of America, 6000 Executive Boulevard, Suite 513, Rockville, MD 20852) * Give a name and address from the publication can be obtain in parentheses immediately after the title. * Give a mailing address if a publication can obtain via the Web.

109. G. Reviews Elements of a reference to a review Mroczek, D. K. (2000). The emerging study of midlife 〔 Review of the book Life in the middle: Psychological and social development in middle age 〕. Contemporary Psychology : APA Review of Books, 45, 482-485.

110. Review author: Mroczek, D.K. Date of publication: (2000) Review title: The emerging study of midlife Medium being reviewed: Review of the book Work being reviewed: Life in the middle: Psychological and social development in middle age. Periodical title and publication information: Contemporary Psychology: APA Review of Books, 45, 482-485.

111. Example 63: Review of a book Schatz, B. R. (2000). Learning by text or context? 〔 Review of the book The social life of information 〕. Science, 290, 1304. * Untitled  use the material in brackets as title. * Identify the type of medium being reviewed in brackets (book, motion picture, television program, etc.).

112. Example 64: Review of a motion picture Kraus, S. J. (1992). Visions of psychology: A video of classic studies 〔 Review of the motion picture Discovering Psychology 〕. Contemporary Psychology, 37, 1146-1147. * Identify the type of medium being reviewed in brackets (book, motion picture, television program, etc.).

113. http:// www.apa.org/ ↓ ↓ Protocol Host name monitor/oct00/ workplace.html ↓ Path to document File name of Specific document

114. * Protocol: indicate what method a Web browser should use to exchange data with the file server 1. hypertext transfer protocol (http) ex: http://tw.yahoo.com/ 2. hypertext transfer protocol secure (https) ex: https://login.yahoo.com/ 3. file transfer protocol (ftp) ex: ftp://wuarchive.wustl.edu/mirrors * All of the protocol  followed by a colon and two forward slashes

115. * Host name: Identified the server on which the files reside  An address for an organization’s home page ex: http://www.google.com.tw/ (Google)  Not all host names start with “www” ex: http://tw.yahoo.com/ (Yahoo)  Host name always type in lowercase letters  not case sensitive

116. * Path to document & File name of specific document: Identified the directory path leading to the Desired document  Faithfully reproduce uppercase and lowercase letters and all punctuation  case sensitive  In order not to make URL wrong in paper  just copy it and paste it  If you need to break a URL  don’t insert hyphen, break the URL after a slash or before period

117. Example: http://etds.ncl.edu.tw/theabs/site/ browse_subject.jsp (NCL) Example: http://etds.ncl.edu.tw/theabs/site/browse_subject.js p  Test the URLs regularly  be sure that URL is available

118. Example 71: Internet articles based on a print source VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., &Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference elements in the selection of resources by psychology undergraduates 〔 Electronic version 〕. Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, 117-123. * Viewed article only in electronic form  add in brackets after the article

119. VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., &Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference elements in the selection of resources by psychology undergraduates. Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, 117-123. Retrieved October 13, 2001, from http://jbr.org/articles.html * Articles changed or additional data and commentaries included  add the date you retrieved the document and the URL

120. Example 72: Article in an Internet - only journal Fredrickson, B. L. (2000,March 7). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health and well-being. Prevention & Treatment, 3, Article 0001a. Retrieved November 20, 2000, from http://journals.apa.org/ prevention/volume3/pre003000 1a.html

121. Example 73: Article in an Internet - only journal, retrieved via file transfer protocol (ftp) Crow, T. J. (2000). Did homo sapiens speciate on the y chromosome? Psycholoquy,11. Retrieved from http://ftp.princeton.edu/ harnad/Psycoloquy/2000.volum e.11/psyc.00.11.001.language-sex- chromosomes. 1.crow * Do not need to add the date

122. example 74: Article in an Internet – only newsletter Glueckauf, R. L., Whitton, J., Baxter, J., Kain, J., Vogelgesang, S.,Hudson., et al. (1998, July). Videocounseling for familiy of rural teens with epilepsy – Project update. Telehealth News, 2(2). Retrieved from http://www.telehealth.net/subs cribe/ newsletter_4a.html#1 * No page number * The URL should directly link to the article

123. Nonperiodical documents on the Internet Example 75: Multipage document created by Private organization, no date Greater New Milford (Ct) Area Health Community 2000, Task Force on Teen and Adolescent Issues. (n.d.). Who has time for a family meal? You do! Retrieved October 5, 2000, from http://www.familymealtime.org * Different sections have different URLs  provide the home (entry) page * n.d. = no date available

124. Example 76: Chapter or section in an Internet document Benton Foundation. (1998, July 7). Barriers to closing the gap. In Losing ground bit by bit: Low-income communities in the information age (Chap. 2). Retrieved from http://www.benton.org/Library / Low-income/two.html * Use chapter number or section identified instead of the place of page number

125. Example 77: Stand-alone document, no author identified, no date GVU’s 8th WWW user survey. (n.d.). Retrieved August 8, 2000, from http://www.cc.gatech.edu/gvu/user_survey- 1997-10/ * No author identified  use the title of the document as the beginning in the reference

126. Example 78: Document available on university program or department Web site Chou, l., McClintock, R., Moretti, F., & Nix D.H. (1993). Technology and education: New wine in new bottles: Choosing pasts and imagining educational futures. Retrieved August 24, 2000, from Columbia University,Institute for Learning Technologies Web site: http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/ publications/papers/newwine1.ht ml * Identified the host organization before giving the URL for the document

127. Technical and research reports Example 79: Report from a university, available on private organization Web site University of California, San Francisco, Institute for Health and Aging. (1996, November). Chronic care in America: A 21st century challenge. Retrieved September 9, 2000, from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Web site: http://www.rwjf.org/library/chrcare/ * The author is different from the provider  clearly identified in the retrieval statement

128. Example 80: U.S. government report available on government agency Web site, no publication date indicate United States Sentencing Commission. (n.d.). 1997 sourcebook of federal sentencing statistics. Retrieves December 8,1999, from http://www.ussc.gov/annrpt/1997/ sbtoc97.htm

129. Example 81: Report from a private organization, available on organization Web site Canarie, Inc. (1997, September 27). Towards a Canadian health IWAY: Vision, opportunities and future steps. Retrieved November 8, 2000, from http://www.canarie.ca/press/publications/ pdf/ health/healthvision.doc

130. Example 82: Abstract of a technical report retrieved from university Web site Kruschke, J. K., & Bradley, A. L. (1995). Extensions to the delta rule of associative learning (Indiana University Cognitive Science Research Report No. 14). Abstract retrieved October 21, 2000, from http://www.indiana.edu/ ~kruschke/deltarule_abstract.ht ml * The document is abstract  use Abstract retrieved as beginning of the retrieved statement

131. Proceeding of meetings and symposia Example 83: Paper presented at a symposium, abstract retrieved from university Web site Culter, L. D., Frölich, B., & Hanrahan, P. (1997,January 16). Two-handed direct manipulation on the responsive workbench. Paper presents at the1997 Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics. Abstract retrieved June 12, 2000, from http://www.graphics.stanford.ed u/papers/ twohanded

132. Example 84: Paper presented at a virtual conference Tan, G., & Lewandowsky, S. (1996). A comparison of operator trust in humans versus machines. Paper presented at the CybErg 96 virtual conference. Retrieved May 16, 2000, from http://www.curtin.edu.au/conference/cyberg/cen tre/ outline.cgi/frame?dir=tan * No geographic location for virtual conference

133. Newsgroups: Usually assessed via e-mail program or news readers Online forum and discussion groups: Use e-mails to pass messages, most,but not all, are operate as Electronic mailing lists.  Any messages should have scholar value and should be retrievable  No archives maintain  can’t included

134. Example 85: Message posted to a newsgroup Chalmers, D. (2000, November 17). Seeing with sound 〔 Msg 1 〕. Message posted to news://sci.psychology.conscious ness * Author’s full name = Last name + initials * Follow the date with the subject line of the message and don’t italicize it * Use Message posted to before the address of the newsgroup.

135. Example 86: Message posted to online forum or discussion group Simons, D. J. (2000, July 14). New resources for visual cognition 〔 Msg 31 〕. Message posted to http://groups.yahoo.com/ group/visualcognition/message /31

136. Example 87: Message posted to an electronic mailing list Hammond, T. (2000, November 20). YAHC: Handle Parameters, DOI Genres, etc. Message posted to Ref-Links electronic mailing list, archived at http://www.doi.org/mail-arichive/ref- link/msg00088.html * Provide the name of the mailing list * Provide the address for the archived version of the message

137. Example 88: Electronic copy of a journal article, three to five authors, retrieved from databases Borman, W.C., Hanson, M.A., Oppler, S.H., Pulakos,E.D., & White, L.A. (1993). Role of early supervisory experience in supervisor performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 443-449. Retrieved October 23, 2000, from PsycARTICLES database.

138. Example 89: Daily newspaper article, electronic version available by search Hilts, P. J. (1999, February 16). In forecasting their emotions, most people flunk out. New York Times. Retrieved November 21, 2000, from http://www.nytimes.com

139. Example 90: Electronic copy of an abstract obtained from a secondary database Fournier, M., de Ridder, D., & Bensing, J. (1999) Optimism and adaptation to multiple sclerosis: What does optimism mean? Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 22, 303-326. Abstract retrieved October 23, 2000, from PsycINFO database

140. Example 91: Electronic version of U.S. government report available by search from GPO Access database (on the Web) U.S. General Accounting Office. (1997, February). Telemedicine: Federal strategy is needed to guide investments (Publication No. GAO/NSAID/HEHS-91-67). Retrieved September 15, 2000, from General Accounting Office Reports Online via GPO Access: http://www.access.gpo.gov/ su_docs/aces/aces160.shtml?gao /index.html

141. Example 92: Computer software Miller, M. E. (1993). The Interactive Tester (Version 4.0) 〔 Computer software 〕. Westminster, CA: Psytek Services.

142. Example 93: Computer software and manual available on university Web site Schwarzer, R. (1989). Statistics software for meta-analysis 〔 Computer software and manual 〕. Retrieved from http://www.yorku.ca/faculty/academic/sch warze/ meta_e.htm * Don’t italicize names of software, programs, or language * Have proprietary rights of software  use his/her name as the author

143. * Don’t use a period between the title and the bracketed material * Manual  identified the source as a computer program or software manual

144. Raw data Example 94: Data file, available from Government agency National health Interview Survey – Current health topics: 1991 – Longitudinal study of aging (Version 4) 〔 Data file 〕. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. * Brackets at the end of the title  give description of the material

145. Example 95: Data file, available from NTIS Web site Department of Health and Human Services, National Venter for Health Statistics. (1991). National Health Provider Inventory: Home health agencies and hospices, 1991 〔 Data file 〕. Available from national Technical Information Service Web site, http://www.ntis.gov * Use Available from  the URL leads to information on how to obtain the cited material, not material itself