1. ACT II Literary Elements of Julius Caesar William Shakespeare Julius Caesar

2. Irony Like all other figures of speech, __________ brings about some added meanings to a situation. Ironical statements and situations in literature develop readers’ __________. Irony makes a work of literature more __________ and forces the readers to use their imagination and comprehend the ____________ meanings of the texts. Moreover, real life is full of ironical expressions and situations. Therefore, the use of irony brings a work of literature closer to life.

3. Irony in Julius Caesar Look for the following statements that are ironic in Julius Caesar and consider how they affect the plot as it unfolds: “If Caesar hid himself, shall they not whisper ‘Lo, Caesar is afraid’? Pardon me, Caesar, for my dear dear love To your proceeding bids me toll you this, And reson to my love is liable.” “Say I am merry; come to me again, And bring me word what he doth say to thee.”

4. Motifs The literary device ‘motif’ is any element, subject, idea or concept that is constantly __________ through the ________ body of literature. Using a _________ refers to the repetition of a specific _________ dominating the literary work. Motifs are very noticeable and play a significant role in defining the ________ of the story, the course of events and the very _________ of the literary piece.

5. Motifs in Julius Caesar Look for the following motifs in Act II: _________

6. Themes Major and minor themes are two types of themes that appear in literary works. A __________ theme is an idea that a writer __________ in his work, making it the most __________ idea in a literary work. A __________ theme, on the other hand, refers to an idea that appears in a work ___________ and gives way to another minor theme.

7. Theme Development in Julius Caesar Look for the following themes in Act II: ____________

8. Symbolism Symbolism is the use of ______________ to stand for __________ and ______________s by giving them ______________ meanings that are different from their ______________ ones. Symbolism can take different forms. Generally, it is an object representing another to give it a meaning that is much ____________ and more _____________. Sometimes, however, an action, an event, or a word spoken may have a symbolic value. Example: A “smile” is a symbol of friendship. “Smiling” may stand as a symbol of the feeling of affection which that person has for you. Symbols shift their meanings depending on the _____________ they are used in. Example: “A chain” may stand for “union” as well as “imprisonment.” The symbolic meaning of an object or an action is understood by ________, __________ and ___________ it is used and depends on who reads it.

9. Symbolism in Julius Caesar Look for the following examples of symbolism in Act II: “Caesar, I never stood on ceremonies, Yet now they fright me. There is one within, Besides the things that we have heard and seen, Recounts most horrid sights seen by the watch.” “She dreamt tonight she saw my statue, Which, like a fountain with an hundred spouts, Did run pure blood, and many lusty Romans Came smiling and did bathe their hands in it.”

10. Paradox Paradox is a statement that appears to be self- _______________ or silly but may include a hidden ___________. It is also used to illustrate an opinion or statement contrary to __________ traditional ideas. A paradox is often used to make a reader think over an idea in an ___________ way.

11. Paradox in Julius Caesar Look for the following example paradox in Act II: “I would have had thee there and here again Ere I can tell this what thou shouldst do there.”

12. Allusion Allusion is a ________ and _________ reference to a person, place, thing or idea of historical, cultural, literary or political significance. It does not describe in detail the person or thing to which it refers. It is just a passing comment and the writer expects the reader to possess enough _________ to spot the allusion and grasp its ___________ in a text.

13. Allusions in Julius Caesar Look for the following example of allusion in Act II: “Nor heaven nor earth have been at peace to-night: Thrice hath Calpurnia in her sleep cried out, ‘Help, ho! they murder Caesar!’…”

14. Tragedy Tragedy is kind of drama that presents a ________ subject matter about human _________ and corresponding terrible events in a ________ manner. Shakespeare, the most popular of all playwrights, knew the ________ tragedy style well and he used several Greek _________ but modified them to his own purpose. He intentionally violates the unity of action and mixes tragic actions with _________.

15. Tragedy Development in Julius Caesar As you read Act II, consider how the conspiracy to get rid of Caesar becomes more solidified by asking yourself the following questions: ___________________________________?

16. Anachronism Anachronism is derived from a Greek word ___________ which means “________ ______.” Therefore, an anachronism is an error of chronology or timeline in a literary piece. In other words, anything that is out of _________ and out of _________ is an anachronism.

17. Anachronism in Julius Caesar Look for anachronisms in Act II. One of the most famous anachronisms in English occurs in this act: “Brutus: Peace! Count the clock. Cassius: The clock has stricken three.” Think about WHY Shakespeare would have included this anachronism in this scene. Answer: _______________________________