1. Next Chapter 35 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company World History: Patterns of Interaction China and governments in Latin America, Africa, and the former Soviet bloc respond to calls for democracy. Struggles for Democracy, 1945-Present

2. Next Chapter 35 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company World History: Patterns of Interaction SECTION 2 SECTION 1 SECTION 4 SECTION 3 SECTION 5 Democracy The Challenge of Democracy in Africa The Collapse of the Soviet Union Changes in Central and Eastern Europe China: Reform and Reaction Struggles for Democracy, 1945-Present

3. Next Chapter 35 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company World History: Patterns of Interaction Section-1 Democracy In Latin America, economic problems and authoritarian rule delay democracy.

4. Next Chapter 35 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company World History: Patterns of Interaction Democracy Section-1 Democracy As a Goal Difficulties in Establishing Democracy Common practices include free elections and citizen participation Also: majority rule, minority rights, constitutional government Difficult to establish democracy—even in U.S., took many years These practices need conditions in country to support them Education and a stable economy help So do individual rights, rule by law, sense of national identity

5. Next Chapter 35 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company World History: Patterns of Interaction Kubitschek’s Ambitious Program Juscelino Kubitschek builds economy, new capital city—Brasília His followers back reforms, but conservatives object to land reform Land reform—breaking up huge estates into holdings for peasants Wealthy Brazilians support takeover by military in 1964 Dictators and Democracy Brazil’s Early History Brazil: monarchy in 1822, republic controlled by wealthy in 1889 In 1930s, dictator suppresses opposition but builds economy Continued…

6. Next Chapter 35 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company World History: Patterns of Interaction The Road to Democracy In 1980s, Brazil has recession—economic slowdown Civilian leaders elected but cannot fix economy The 2002 Presidential Election New election in 2002 includes rivals with different economic views Luis Inácio Lula da Silva wins election; hopes to reclaim economy Dictators Democracy {continued} Military Dictators Military rules for two decades, building economy but cutting wages Standard of living—level of material comfort—declines

7. Next Chapter 35 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company World History: Patterns of Interaction The Party Becomes the PRI In 1946, main party becomes PRI—Institutional Revolutionary Party Party controls government; fraud, corruption mar elections In 1968, students and workers protest, soldiers fire on crowd Mexico depends on oil and gas income, suffers when prices fall One-Party Rule {continued} Beginnings of One-Party Domination In 1920s and 1930s, leaders build a party that dominates Mexico Lázaro Cárdenas rules 1934–1940, next presidents abandon his reforms Continued…

8. Next Chapter 35 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company World History: Patterns of Interaction The PRI Loses Control Other parties gain many seats in Congress Center-right candidate Vicente Fox wins presidency in 2000 New Policies and Programs As new president, Fox has many ambitious goals One-Party Rule {continued} Economic and Political Crises Opposition parties gain support, force reforms in 1988 In 1994, rebels in southern Mexico state of Chiapas stage uprising

9. Next Chapter 35 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company World History: Patterns of Interaction Repression in Argentina Military rules into 1970s, but country develops many problems Government moves harshly against opposition, killing many people Democracy and the Economy Government disgraced after losing Falklands war in 1982 Civilians elected to lead, but cannot solve economic problems Political and Economic Disorder Perón Rules Argentina In 1946, Juan Perón becomes dictator in Argentina; ousted in 1955 Continued…

10. Next Chapter 35 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company World History: Patterns of Interaction Political and Economic Disorder {continued} A Growing Crisis Economic problems continue with high debt, unemployment

11. Next Chapter 35 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company World History: Patterns of Interaction Section-2 The Challenge of Democracy in Africa As the recent histories of Nigeria and South Africa show, ethnic and racial conflicts can hinder democracy.

12. Next Chapter 35 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company World History: Patterns of Interaction Short-Lived Democracies Post-independence governments fragile, vulnerable to military coups Section-2 The Challenge of Democracy in Africa Colonial Rule Limits Democracy European Policies Cause Problems Borders of colonies in Africa ignore ethnic, cultural divisions As a result, national identity is slow to develop in Africa Colonial rule produces economic problems Colonial rule also disrupts family, community life

13. Next Chapter 35 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company World History: Patterns of Interaction War with Biafra In 1960s, country torn by ethnic fighting Military imposes martial law—temporary military rule—in 1966 In 1967, eastern region leaves Nigeria, forms new country of Biafra War ends in 1970 with Biafra defeated, Nigeria reunited Civil War in Nigeria A Land of Many Peoples Nigeria has people from three ethnic groups, each with own state Country adopts federal system—state, central governments share power

14. Next Chapter 35 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company World History: Patterns of Interaction A Return to Civilian Rule General Sani Abacha overturns election results of 1993, takes power He punishes dissidents—government opponents In 1999, civilian government finally gains power President Obasanjo Obasanjo tries to build strong, unified Nigeria by ending corruption Promotes idea of forgiveness of Nigeria’s debt to rebuild country Nigeria’s Nation-Building Federal Government Restored In 1970s and 1980s military tries to create stable federal system

15. Next Chapter 35 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company World History: Patterns of Interaction Apartheid Segregates Society In 1948, National Party enacts apartheid—separation of races Government sets up reserves, called homelands, for blacks in 1959 Blacks Protest In 1912, blacks form African National Congress (ANC) to protest Nelson Mandela—ANC leader imprisoned for 27 years Protests rise in 1970s and 1980s, sometimes resulting in violence South Africa Under Apartheid Minority Rule South Africa gains independence in 1931; white minority rules

16. Next Chapter 35 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company World History: Patterns of Interaction The First Steps In 1990, F. W. de Klerk legalizes ANC, frees Mandela from prison Parliament repeals apartheid laws, grants rights to blacks De Klerk agrees to elections open to all races to be held in 1994 Struggle for Democracy Pressure for Change Religious leader Desmond Tutu urges economic pressure on government He asks other countries not to trade with South Africa Continued…

17. Next Chapter 35 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company World History: Patterns of Interaction South Africa Today In 1999, Thabo Mbeki elected president He faces challenges: high crime, unemployment, rampant poverty He hopes to increase trade with other countries Major problem facing South Africa is high number of people with AIDS Struggle for Democracy {continued} A New Constitution In 1996, new constitution adopted giving equal rights to all Majority Rule In 1994, ANC wins majority of Parliament; Mandela elected president

18. Next Chapter 35 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company World History: Patterns of Interaction Section-3 The Collapse of the Soviet Union Democratic reforms bring important changes to the Soviet Union.

19. Next Chapter 35 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company World History: Patterns of Interaction A Younger Leader Mikhail Gorbachev—becomes Soviet leader in 1984 Young, energetic, skilled, wants to pursue new policies Glasnost Promotes Openness To achieve economic reforms, he needs open dialogue in society Promotes new policy of glasnost—openness; dissent allowed Section-3 The Collapse of the Soviet Union Gorbachev Moves Toward Democracy Problems Develop Politburo—ruling committee of Communist Party; rules USSR harshly Leonid Brezhnev dies in 1982; two successors rule briefly

20. Next Chapter 35 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company World History: Patterns of Interaction Democratization Opens the Political System In 1987, he unveils plans to have more democracy Voters, given a choice, elect many reformers to new legislature Foreign Policy Gorbachev signs arms control agreements with U.S. Reforming the Economy and Politics Economic Restructuring People complain about lack of goods; Gorbachev blames old system In 1985, he introduces perestroika—policy of economic restructuring Hopes to make economy more efficient, productive

21. Next Chapter 35 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company World History: Patterns of Interaction Lithuania Defies Gorbachev In 1990, Lithuania declares independence Gorbachev, fearing similar actions in other republics, sends troops Yeltsin Denounces Gorbachev Reformer Boris Yeltsin rallies people against Communist old guard Old-time Communists oppose both Gorbachev and Yeltsin The Soviet Union Faces Turmoil Ethnic Revolts Gorbachev wants to reform Soviet Union, but reforms lead to collapse Non-Russian ethnic groups rebel in different republics Continued…

22. Next Chapter 35 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company World History: Patterns of Interaction End of the Soviet Union Government takes actions to punish Communist Party for the coup Many republics declare independence; Gorbachev cannot stop them Republics form a federation, CIS—Commonwealth of Independent States The Soviet Union Faces Turmoil {continued} The August Coup In August 1991, hardliners try to seize control of government again Thousands of protesters and Yeltsin rally against this move Army refuses to attack protesters and coup collapses

23. Next Chapter 35 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company World History: Patterns of Interaction Chechnya Rebels In 1991, Chechnya declares independence from Russia Yeltsin attempts to crush rebellion, causing unrest at home As conflict continues in 1999, he resigns in favor of Vladimir Putin Russia Under Boris Yeltsin Yeltsin Faces Problems Yeltsin aims to reform the Russian economy Tries “shock therapy”—quick transition to free market system New policies bring economic chaos and hardship, political troubles

24. Next Chapter 35 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company World History: Patterns of Interaction Economic, Political, and Social Problems Economic problems continue, leading to unstable politics Social problems include homelessness, unemployment Declines in population, standard of living, average life expectancy Russia Under Vladimir Putin Troubles Continue in Chechnya Fighting drags on in Chechnya In 2002, Chechen rebels seize theater in Moscow, many die

25. Next Chapter 35 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company World History: Patterns of Interaction Section-4 Changes in the Soviet Union lead to changes throughout Central and Eastern Europe. Changes in Central and Eastern Europe

26. Next Chapter 35 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company World History: Patterns of Interaction Solidarity Defeats Communists Communist government bans Solidarity but cannot solve economic woes In 1988, workers rebel to force recognition of Solidarity Elections in 1989 and 1990 make Walesa president of Poland Section-4 Changes in Central and Eastern Europe Poland and Hungary Reform The Rise of Solidarity Workers strike to win recognition of Solidarity—Polish labor union Lech Walesa—leader of union—becomes national hero Continued…

27. Next Chapter 35 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company World History: Patterns of Interaction Hungarian Communists Disband In 1990, voters elect non-Communist government in Hungary Democracy thrives; Hungary joins NATO in 1999 Poland Under Kwasniewski Alexander Kwasniewski elected president in 1995 Brings Poland into NATO, tries to build strong market economy Poland and Hungary Reform {continued} Poland Votes Out Walesa Walesa tries to build free market economy quickly Though some progress made, many Poles unhappy; Walesa voted out

28. Next Chapter 35 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company World History: Patterns of Interaction Fall of the Berlin Wall East Germany closes its borders, sparking massive protests In late 1989, new East German leader opens Berlin Wall By end of year, Communist government there has collapsed Germany Reunifies Resistance to Change East Germany’s leader resists reforms as in Poland, Hungary Thousands of East Germans escape through Hungary to Austria Continued…

29. Next Chapter 35 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company World History: Patterns of Interaction A New Chancellor In 1998, Kohl voted out of office New leader—Gerhard Schroeder—has difficulty reviving economy Germany becomes more active in world affairs after reunifying Germany’s Challenges East Germany in poor shape, needs rebuilding This costly effort forces German leader Helmut Kohl to raise taxes Germany Reunifies {continued} Reunification Reunification—merging of the two Germanys—achieved in 1990

30. Next Chapter 35 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company World History: Patterns of Interaction Czechoslovakia Breaks Up Economic reforms hurt people in Slovakia, eastern part of country In 1993, Czechoslovakia splits into two separate countries Both economies grow—slow in Czech Republic; faster in Slovakia Democracy Spreads in Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia Reforms In 1989, large crowd in Prague protests, demands democracy Tough government crackdown sparks more protests By late 1989, Communists are gone; Václav Havel elected president

31. Next Chapter 35 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company World History: Patterns of Interaction Overthrow in Romania The Romanian Economy Corruption and crime prevalent through 1990s; economy lags Much of economy still owned by government, not in private hands But Government begins moving toward market economy

32. Next Chapter 35 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company World History: Patterns of Interaction A Bloody Breakup Milosevic, Serbian leader, tries to impose control on whole country Slovenia and Croatia fight off Serbian army, win independence In 1992, Bosnia-Herzegovina declares independence; war breaks out Serb forces practice ethnic cleansing—getting rid of Bosnian Muslims In 1995, U.S., UN establish peace setting up multiethnic government The Breakup of Yugoslavia Ethnic Problems Yugoslavia has 8 ethnic groups in a federation of 6 republics Continued…

33. Next Chapter 35 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company World History: Patterns of Interaction The Region Faces Its Problems Serbia has new leader; Milosevic faces war crimes trials Montenegro and Serbia form loose union, may separate in future The Breakup of Yugoslavia {continued} Rebellion in Kosovo In 1998, fighting starts in Kosovo, Serb province of ethnic Albanians Serbian army invades to put down Albanian rebels with harsh force In 1999, NATO bombs Serbia, forces Serbs to withdraw

34. Next Chapter 35 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company World History: Patterns of Interaction Section-5 China: Reform and Reaction In response to contact with the West, China’s government has experimented with capitalism but has rejected calls for democracy.

35. Next Chapter 35 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company World History: Patterns of Interaction Section-5 China: Reform and Reaction The Legacy of Mao Problems of Mao’s Rule Mao Zedong wants to improve China’s economy, but cannot Mao’s policies, a lack of modern technology prevent economic growth He launches Cultural Revolution in 1960s to revive Communist spirit Its excesses turn many people against communism Zhou Enlai—leader in early 1970s—pursues moderate policies

36. Next Chapter 35 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company World History: Patterns of Interaction Economic Reform In 1976, Mao and Zhou die; moderates take control of Communist Party Deng Xiaoping—becomes leader of China by 1980 Four Modernizations—Deng’s plan for economic progress This policy reverses strict Communist policies long backed by Mao China and the West China Opened Its Doors Zhou worries that China is too isolated from rest of world In 1971, U.S. and China begin closer relations

37. Next Chapter 35 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company World History: Patterns of Interaction Students Demand Democracy In 1989, students protest in Tiananmen Square—public area in Beijing Deng Orders a Crackdown Deng orders army to surround square, attack protesters Attack leaves hundreds dead, thousands wounded Government begins large-scale campaign to end dissent Massacre in Tiananmen Square Unforeseen Problems Reforms lead to some unrest over privileges of Communist leaders Western political ideas enter China, encouraging democracy

38. Next Chapter 35 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company World History: Patterns of Interaction Transfer of Hong Kong Hong Kong—former British colony, city in China, major economic power In 1997, Britain hands Hong Kong back to China China Enters the New Millennium China Under Jiang In 1997, Deng dies; Jiang Zemin takes power Hardliners want Jiang to move away from Deng’s reforms In 2002, Jiang steps down in favor of Zhu Rongji Both Jiang and Zhu favor continued reforms

39. Next Chapter 35 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company World History: Patterns of Interaction China Beyond 2000 Economics and Politics Economic reforms reduce poverty in China Though many countries have economic problems, China’s economy grows Many in China want political reforms China is becoming more involved with other countries

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