1. Lecture 022 Classification of Life

2. Are they related?

3. Taxonomy The science of classifying organisms. Tells us about the degree of relation between different organisms

4. Taxonomy Developed by Swedish biologist Carolus Linnaeus (1707 — 1778). Binomial naming system

6. Biological Kingdoms 2 Kingdoms Traditional view plantsanimals

7. Systematics- studies diversity of life Study and classification of organisms with the goal of reconstructing their evolutionary history

8. Biological Kingdoms 5 Kingdoms Whittaker, 1969 Plantae Fungi Animalia Protista Monera

9. Five kingdom system: MoneraProtistaFungiPlantaeAnimalia Six kingdom system: Eu- bacteria ProtistaFungiPlantaeAnimalia Archae- bacteria Three domain system: Eu- bacteria Archae- bacteria E U K A R Y A Eight kingdom system: Eu- bacteria Archezoa FungiPlantaeAnimalia Archae- bacteria Chromista Protista Biological Kingdoms

10. Six kingdom system: Eu- bacteria ProtistaFungiPlantaeAnimalia Archae- bacteria Monera

11. Classification: Six kingdom system : Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Archaebacteria E. coliCyanobacteria ParameciumDiatomSlime mold

12. Plantae Fungi Animalia Protista Monera (Eubacteria & Archaebacteria) Primary Grouping Criterion Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Cellular complexity

13. Other Grouping Criteria Single-celled vs. multicellular Mode of nutrition absorption photosynthesis ingestion Plantae Fungi Animalia Protista Monera Note: Criteria can overlap

14. Other Grouping Criteria Mode of Reproduction sexual asexual Respiratory System gas exchange across skin lungs gills

15. Other Grouping Criteria Skeleton internal/external bone/cartilage/chitin… Circulatory System none open/closed

16. Phylogentic Relationships of Animals Ancestral Protist segmentation true tissue radial symmetry bilateral symmetry Deuterostomes: eucoelom Protostome: schizocoelem pseudo coelom Porifera Cnideria Platyhelminthes Nematoda Mollusca Annelida Echinodermata Chordata Arthropoda no true tissues acoelom

17. Keep Plates Clean Or Family Gets Sick Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Animalia Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Pomocentridae Amphirprion ocellaris

18. Tiger Classification Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Carnivora Family Felidae Genus Panthera Species tigris Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Carnivora Family Felidae Genus Panthera Species tigris

19. Biological Nomenclature A species is both defined by its genus name and specific name. Ex. Panthera tigris Panthera- genus name tigris- species name

20. Lion, Leopard & Tiger Panthera leoPanthera pardusPanthera tigris

21. Biological Species Organisms that are genetically similar, and have ability to interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring

22. Subspecies Might interbreed if a barrier or other challenge was removed (such as distance). Hawaiian endemic snails (kahuli)

23. Table 1. Known Hawaiian endemic land snail diversity (*part) Family UnitSpecies# subspecies varieties Prosobranchia Hydrocenidae 1 Helicinidae 16 43 Pulmonata Orthurethra Achatinellidae Tornatellininae 106 11 Achatinellinae103106 6 Amastridae Leptachatininae129113 Amastrinae20294

24. Offspring is sterile Panthera leo Panthera tigris tigon

25. mule donkey zebroid horse

26. Polar bear: Ursus maritimusGrizzly bear: Ursus arctos Pizzly or Grolar bear

27. Wholphin- sealife park False killer whale and dolphin Pseudorca crassidens Tursiops truncatus

28. Common names Confusing Ambiguous Scientific names Agreed upon system Names Portuguese Man-of-War Bluebottle Physalia physalis

29. Names Language Latin or Latinized Giving names A highly technical process Name is author’s choice

30. Commemorate People Gardenia jasminoides (Dr. Alexander Garden) Camellia japonica (Joseph Kamel) Strelitzia reginae (Queen Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz) Siegesbeckia orientalis (Dr. Siegesbeck)

31. Descriptive Cardinalis cardinalis (red) Railus aquaticus (watery) Passer domesticus (house)

32. Geographic Location Kuhlia sandwicensis (Hawaii) Periplanata americana (American cockroach) Zosterops japonica (Japanese white-eye)

33. Pronunciation Divide into syllables Choose where to place emphasis Mon/a/chus schau/in/slan/di Hawaiian Monk Seal Monachus schauinslandi

34. Humor in naming Agra vation by Terry Erwin a tropical beetle that was apparently very difficult to collect. (Agra cadabra, Agra katewinslettae, Agra memnon, Agra sasquatch) Heerz lukenatcha. http://www.curioustaxonomy.net/puns/puns.html

37. Canis lupus familiaris Domestic dog Canis lupus laniger Tibetan wolf Canis rufus Red wolf Which two are most closely related?

38. Canis lupus familiaris Domestic dog Canis lupus laniger Tibetan wolf Canis rufus Red wolf Which two are most closely related?

39. Elephas maximus Loxodonta africana family Elephantidae order Proboscidea.

40. Elephas maximus Loxodonta africana family Elephantidae order Proboscidea.

45. traits inherited from a common ancestor Homology

46. (convergent evolution) Analogy

47. Which of the following is most closely related to the tamuanda? tamuanda pangolianaardvarkslothechidna