1. 3rd Six Weeks Cumulative Biology Review

2. Which of these best represents a fatty-acid molecule?1 3 4 2

3. Animal cells
Eukaryotic cells
C. Plant cells
D. Prokaryotic cells

4. What is X?
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Ribosome

5. Characteristics such as a widow’s peak or attached earlobes are determined by the genetic code. Which components of DNA are referred to as the genetic code?
Phosphate groups
Nitrogenous bases
Deoxyribose sugars
Hydrogen bonds

6. The enzymes that catalyze cellular reactions are macromolecules called proteins. Which of the following is the most likely combination of elements found in proteins?
A. carbon and hydrogen
B. carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
C. carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
D. carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus

7. A mutation is least likely to affect a cell when the mutation  
A Reverses the order of bases in a DNA strand
B Allows the total number of bases in a DNA sequence to remain the same
C Replaces a base with its complementary base
D Produces a triplet that codes for the same amino acid as the original triplet

8. Crossing-over between non-sister chromatids during meiosis is significant in heredity. This process most likely leads to an increase in which of the following?
A The expression of dominant traits
B Number of gametes
C The occurrence of polyploidy
D Genetic variation

9. Which would provide the best evidence that the cell is eukaryotic?
A. Chromosomes
B. Cell Walls
C. Carbohydrates
D. Internal Membranes

10. Which biomolecule's function is most likely to be affected by how the monomers are arranged?
Lipid
B. Starch
C. Protein
D. Vitamin

11. Although there are a limited number of amino acids, many different types of proteins exist because the –
A. Size of a given amino acid can vary
B. Chemical composition of a given amino acid can vary
C. Sequence and number of amino acids is different
D. Same amino acids can have many different properties

12. Loriciferans are microscopic multicellular animals that live in various marine sediments. Scientists have discovered genera of Loriciferans in a deep-sea habitat that lacks oxygen. Before this discovery, some prokaryotes and some unicellular eukaryotes were known to inhabit anaerobic environments. Among the newly discovered Loriciferans is Spinoloricus
Scientists determined that organisms of the genus Spinoloricus were eukaryotes and not prokaryotes because Spinoloricus cells have —
A. flagella
B. hereditary material
C. cell walls
D. nuclear membranes

13. At which pH is the enzyme most active?
A. 6.8
B. 6.9
C. 7.1
D. 7.2

14. Euglena are small organisms in the Protist Kingdom.
Euglena are interesting because they are a sort of combination of plant and animal.
They can make their own food like a plant, but they can also eat other things, like an animal.
They can also swim and move.
Scientists argued for years about which Kingdom to put them in, Animal or Plant?
Right now they are in neither; most scientists put them in the Protist Kingdom with other microscopic organisms, such as amoeba and paramecium.

15. Cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria are aquatic (live in water) and photosynthetic.
Because they are bacteria, they tiny and usually unicellular, though they often grow in colonies large enough to see.
The oldest known fossils are cyanobacteria… more than 3.5 billion years old. Yet cyanobacteria are still around today!
They are one of the largest and most important groups of bacteria on earth.

16. Both euglena (which is a type of algae), and cyanobacteria are photosynthetic unicellular organisms found in pond water. The feature that distinguishes euglena from cyanobacteria is the  
A Ability to maintain homeostasis
B Presence of ribosomes
C Ability to reproduce
D Presence of a nuclear membrane

17. Scientists determined that organisms of the genus Spinoloricus were eukaryotes and not prokaryotes because Spinoloricus cells have
A1 Flagella
B2 Hereditary Material
C3 Cell Walls
D4 Nuclear Membranes

18. Which kind organisms in the uses this organelle as part of its energy production?  
A- Animal
B- Plant
C- Bacteria
D- Fungus

19. A biomolecule that is a large, complex set of chains composed of alternating subunits called nucleotides has which of these functions in the cell?
A Storing energy
B Catalyzing cellular reactions
C Building tissue
D Storing genetic information

20. Which of these has chloroplasts?
A A prokaryotic cell
B A plant cell
C A virus
D A eukaryotic cell

21. Which cellular process takes place in the ribosomes that are bound to the endoplasmic reticulum?
A The breakdown of waste material
B The conversion of radiant energy to glucose
C The synthesis of new proteins
D The replication of nucleic acids

22. Why can bacteria recognize a human gene and then produce a human protein?
A DNA replication in bacteria and humans is the same
B Bacterial cells contain the same organelles as human cells
C The basic components of DNA are the same in humans and bacteria
D Bacterial cells and human cells contain the same kind of chromosomes

24. Cell differentiation is most directly regulated by
A ATP
B DNA
C Lipids
D Sugars

26. Proteins and polysaccharides are polymers
Proteins and polysaccharides are polymers. These polymers are formed by dehydration synthesis. Which statement correctly identifies a difference in the structure of proteins and polysaccharides? (B.9A)
A Only polysaccharides are comprised of repeating units of cytosine, adenine, guanine, and thymine
B Only proteins are formed from amino acids joined by peptide bonds
C Only polysaccharides can be folded and twisted to very specific shapes
D Only proteins can be large molecules with thousands of subunits

27. When cells leave the cell cycle, they exit during G1 phase and then enter G0 phase, a resting period. Most normal cells can leave G0 phase and reenter the cell cycle at G1 phase before entering S phase. Cancer cells are different because they cannot enter G0 phase and are likely to do which of the following?
A Fail to complete S phase
B Mutate during G1 phase
C Repeat the cell cycle continuously
D Die after completing mitosis

28. How does DNA in cells determine an organism’s complex traits? (B.6A)
A DNA contains codes for proteins, which are necessary for the growth and functioning of an organism
B DNA separates into long single strands that make up each part of an organism
C DNA produces the energy an organism needs in order to grow
D DNA folds into the nucleus of each of the cells of an organism

29. The fact that a strain of yeast with a certain defective gene can use the human version of the gene to repair itself is evidence that yeast and humans
A Depend on the same food supply
B Share a genetic code
C Both have eukaryotic cells
D Have identical genomes

30. Which statement describes how photosynthesis and cellular respiration are interrelated?
A Oxygen is produced during cellular respiration and stored during photosynthesis
B Carbon dioxide and water released by cellular respiration are used in photosynthesis
C Photosynthesis releases the energy that is stored during the process of cellular respiration
D Glucose is used during cellular respiration to produce food that is broken down during photosynthesis

31. Which of these must occur during S phase of the cell cycle so that two daughter cells can be produced during M phase?
A The DNA must be replicated
B The chromosomes must be joined
C The cytoplasm must be separated
D The cell membrane must be expanded

32. Crossing-over between non-sister chromatids during meiosis is significant in heredity. This process most likely leads to an increase in which of the following?
A The expression of dominant traits
B Number of gametes
C The occurrence of polyploidy
D Genetic variation

33. Which cellular process takes place in the ribosomes that are bound to the endoplasmic reticulum?
A The breakdown of waste material
B The conversion of radiant energy to glucose
C The synthesis of new proteins
D The replication of nucleic acids