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thereby shaping the development of a people’s cultural landscape
Religion a fundamental part of human culture Can have a profound effect on human interaction with their environment and other cultures thereby shaping the development of a people’s cultural landscape
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Religion Although religious affiliation is on the decline in some parts of the world’s core regions, it still acts as a powerful shaper of daily life, from eating habits and dress codes to coming of age rituals and death ceremonies, holiday celebrations, and family practices in both the core and periphery
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Religion Definitions:
relatively structured set of beliefs & practices through which people seek mental & physical harmony with the powers of the universe. Set of stones, symbols, beliefs, & practices that give meaning to the practitioner’s experiences of life though reference to an ultimate power of reality A belief system and a set of practices that recognizes the existence of a power higher than humans
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Religion Religion encompasses ancestral or cultural traditions, writings, history, and mythology, as well as personal faith and religious experience Through rituals religion is celebrated (birth, marriage, death, etc.) Religion doesn’t just explain natural forces but helps people make sense of their place in the world.
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Religion Religion is one of the most complex, and often controversial, aspects of the human condition. Core component of culture Often lies at the root of conflict Definitive trait of a culture and highly territorial phenomenon with links to the spirit of a place, ethnicity, and nationality Example Virgin of Guadalupe
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Types of Religions Proselytic Ethnic Syncretic Orthodox
Example: Christianity seeks new members and aims to convert mankind Ethnic Example: Judaism Identified with a particular ethnic or tribal group and doesn’t seek converts Syncretic Syncretism Example: Brazil – Umbunda Combines elements of two or more belief systems Orthodox Russian Orthodox Emphasizes purity of faith, “right teaching”
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Types of Religions Polytheistic Animistic Monotheistic
Belief in more than one god, or goddess Hinduism?? , Voodoo Monotheistic Belief in one god, or goddess Islam, Christianity, Judaism Animistic Centered on the belief that inanimate objects, such as mountains, boulders, rivers, and trees, possess spirits and should therefore be revered.
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Universalizing vs. Ethnic Religions
Universalizing Religions Have universal appeal and attract all people to their beliefs Examples: Christianity, Islam, Buddhism 60% of world follows a universalizing religion Ethnic religions Attempt to appeal to only one group One place or one ethnicity Judaism, Hinduism Universalizing religions can be broken down into: Branches: Large fundamental divisions within a religion Denominations: Groups of common congregations within a branch Sects: Smaller groups that have broken away from a recognized denomination within a branch
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Religion Families Abrahamic Indian Christianity Islam Judaism
Baha’I faith Rastafarianism Indian Hindu Buddhism Sikhism Jainism
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Religion Families African Far East Primal Indigenous
African traditional African Diasporic Far East Taoism Confucianism Shinto Codaism Yiguando Chinese folk
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Religion Families Other Juche Spiritism Neopaganism Ah-E Haqq Yazidism
Scientology
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Fundamentalism Intolerance of other religions
Today there are several movements in Christianity, Judaism, Hinduism, and Islam Signals a return to founding principles, or literal interpretations of the text Often leads to violence Example: bombing of abortion clinics, 9-11
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Universalizing Religions
Christianity Islam Buddhism Sikhism Ba’hai
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Christianity Largest universalizing religion Founder Origin Doctrine
2 billion adherents Predominate in: North America South America Europe Australia Founder Jesus of Nazareth Date: 30 C.E. Origin Palestine (Israel) Doctrine 10 commandments Diffusion Initially Relocation- Migration missionaries Expansion Contagious- Roman Empire
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Branches of Christianity
Roman Catholic Europe: SW, East South America North America = 40% (NW, SE) Headed by Pope Receive grace from sacraments Eucharist Protestant Baptist, Lutheran, Methodist, etc. Europe: Northwest North America= 28% (highly clustered) Reformation- Martin Luther Oct 31, 1517 Individuals could directly communicate with God Eastern Orthodox Europe: SE, East Middle East Ruled by Patriarchs Split with Roman Catholic teachings after 8th century C.E.
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Christianity Holy book Holy places Administration Calendar Bible
Churches Jerusalem Administration Roman Catholic *hierarchical Pope Archbishops- Province Bishops- Diocese Priests- Parish Mormons- hierarchical Calendar Roman/ Protestant Gregorian calendar Orthodox Julian calendar Holidays Easter= death and resurrection of Jesus Christmas= Birth of Jesus
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Landscape impact Churches Cemeteries Roman Catholic Protestant
More elaborate Cathedrals Protestant More plain Orthodox Cathedrals, Byzantine style Cemeteries Christians bury their dead Hierarchy in burials
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Islam 2nd largest universalizing religion Founder Origin Doctrine
World’s fastest growing religion 1.3 billion people Founder Muhammad 622 C.E. Origin Arabian Peninsula, Middle East Doctrine 5 Pillars of Islam Allah one true God Prayer 5x a day facing Mecca Charity Fast during Ramadan Hajj- Pilgrimage to Mecca Diffusion Military conquest after Muhammad’s death Then relocation diffusion through missionaries Ex. North Africa Ex. Indonesia- Arab traders
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Main Branches of Islam Sunni Shiite Sufi branch 83 % of Muslims
Middle East, Asia “people following the example of Muhammad” Succession of Muhammad From the community Shiite 16% of Muslims Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Azerbaijan, Oman, and Bahrain Word for “sectarian” Must come from familial line of Muhammad Sufi branch 1% of Muslims More mystical dimension of Islam
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Islam Holy Book Holy Places Landscape Impact Administration Calendar
The Quran Holy Places Mecca Birthplace of Muhammad Medina Muhammad's tomb Jerusalem Muhammad’s ascension Landscape Impact Mosques Central, open-air courtyard Minaret tower Cemeteries- Burial of dead Administration Local autonomy No formal religious hierarchy Secular states Calendar Lunar calendar 30 year cycle 19 years with 354 days 11 years with 355 days Holidays Holy month of Ramadan Art Calligraphy Geometric design
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Buddhism Diffusion 3rd largest universalizing religion Founder Origin
Difficult to gage number Can be Buddhist and other religion 400 million adherents China, SE Asia Founder Siddhartha Gautama 563 B.C.E. Origin India/ Nepal Doctrine Four noble truths 8-fold path Diffusion No rapid diffusion Emperor Asoka B.C.E. Trade routes brought it to China
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Branches of Buddhism Mahayana Theravada Tibetan 56 %
China, Japan, Korea Split from Theravada years ago Less demanding More encompassing Theravada 38% Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand Oldest branch “way of the elders” Full-time occupation, monks Tibetan 6% Tibet and Mongolia
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Buddhism Calendar Holy Book Holy Places Landscape Impact Holidays
Buddha's birth, enlightenment, and death Same day for Theravada monks Different for others Holy Book none Holy Places Shrines 8 sacred sites All associated with the Buddha 4 locations of miracles Landscape Impact Pagodas Contain relic of Buddha Not designed for congregational worship
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Other Universalizing Religions
House of Worship Temples on every continent Calendar Established by Bab 19 months with 19 days, 4 “extra” Diffusion Followers persecuted and exiled to Iraq Baha’i 7 million adherents Origin Grew out of Babi faith Founder: Siyyid ‘Ali Muhammad Shiraz, Iran 1844 C.E. Doctrine Believe that one of Bab’s disciples was a prophet of God Function: to overcome disunity in religions and establish a universal faith
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Sikhism One of the smaller universalizing religions
25 million adherents Founded in the late 15th century in present day Pakistan Lahore Follows teachings of Guru Nanak Chief religious prophet God revealed himself to Nanak One Creator, people have capacity for improvement on earth Sikhs mean disciple in Hindi Monotheistic Syncretic religion? Blend of Hinduism and Islam practices and beliefs
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Diffusion of Sikhism Diffused outward from its origin in Pakistan, particularly towards northern India Sikhs have a global diaspora today and are especially prominent in the U.S., Canada, the UK, former British colonies of East Africa, and Australia High concentration of Sikhs exist in Punjab region Straddles Northwestern India and Northern Pakistan
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Cultural Landscapes of Sikhism
Holiest Site: The Golden Temple In the Punjab region Holy Book: Guru Granth Sahib contains the teaching of all its prophets, called gurus
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