P3 Exam Review, #3 of 3 (2014): IB HOA ~ Successes, Failures, & the General Effectiveness of U.S. Presidents: Harry S. Truman (1945-1953): DP & FP Dwight.

P3 Exam Review, #3 of 3 (2014): IB HOA ~ Successes, Failures, & the General Effectiveness of U.S. Presidents: Harry S. Truman ( ): DP & FP Dwight D. Eisenhower ( ): DP & FP John F. Kennedy (1961 – 1963): DP & FP Lyndon B. Johnson( ): DP & FP Richard M. Nixon ( ): DP & FP Jimmy Carter ( ): FP (no DP…& skip G. Ford) Ronald Reagan ( ): DP & FP George H.W. Bush ( ): DP & FP Bill Clinton ( ): DP & FP

Some More Study Tips: Don’t forget about FDR (& your Castro PLO)!
Be sure to review your civil rights debate prep materials Remember: you may not feel comfortable enough with a topic to write an entire essay on it, but you may feel comfortable enough to discuss it in a subtopic (at least one paragraph)…don’t disregard an entire topic due to the latter. ALL BODY PARAGRAPHS MUST HAVE STRONG TOPIC SENTENCES . Read through everything in your HOA binder, including the Schoology group: “Phillips – Paper 3 Review” Group Access Code: 9HM7G-J384Q Remember to review old P3 essays (you wrote last year); short president papers, PLOs, multiple choice assessments, annotated readings, lecture notes, handouts, etc. etc. etc.

Disclaimers: This is not the last word. What each student considers as a success or failure (or both) is up to each student. You can argue just about anything…. Also, these lists are not always comprehensive. This information is meant to complement the materials in your HOA binder, not replace them.

Other items on Schoology:
Vietnam War lecture notes Review counterculture Role of media in Vietnam war President Nixon foreign policy lecture notes & handouts, proving his commitment to civil rights

1968 – Significance? - Considered one of the most turbulent, divisive, pivotal years in U.S. History! Vietnam War: Most bloody year in Vietnam – highest fatality rates Tet Offensive Anti-war movement at its height e.g. Democratic National Convention – Chicago Anti-war protesting outside of convention: rioting, clashes w/ police Civil Rights: AAs had constitutional rights, but they weren’t being enforced, so some upheaval across country…. race riots continued (i.e. they had occurred throughout 1960s, but there were more in 1968 than any other year – e.g. after MLK’s assassination announced, race rioting occurred in over 100 U.S. cities) Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. assassinated Senator Robert Kennedy, who was so strongly dedicated to civil rights, assassinated as he was running for president/in the democratic primary Civil rights movement became more militant…Black Panther membership had increased and was now encouraging its members to carry guns Summer Olympics in Mexico City, two AA medalists gave Black Power salute during National Anthem

Did anti-war movement work? Did it reach its aims? Yes and no….
Older generation’s rejection of protesting Vietnamization

Role of Media? 1st living room war – w/ body counts on evening news
Walter Cronkite’s Feb. 27, 1968’s broadcast My Lai Massacre, 1968 (realized by world in 1969)

President Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909), U.S.A. DOMESTIC POLICIES
Successes: Failures: “trust buster” (opposed trusts & monopolies) Pure Food & Drug Act Meat Inspection Act conservationist/cared about the environment (est. millions of acres of National Parks) Railroad regulation and expansion 1st U.S. Pres. To invite an African American to the White House (Booker T. Washington) Big business criticized TR for his trust-busting Brownsville Incident ? Coal strike Hepburn Act Square Deal?

President Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909), U.S.A. FOREIGN POLICY
Successes: Failures: Nobel Peace Prize recipient for his role in negotiating peace terms, ending Russo-Japanese War Panama Canal Built up U.S. Navy his Russo-Japanese War negotiations offended the Japanese, laying (part of the) groundwork for future discord with J. Big Stick Policy (offensive to Latin American countries) Jingoist Great White Fleet considered first U.S. imperialist president Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine Soured U.S.-LA relations Elkins Act

President Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921), U.S.A. DOMESTIC POLICIES
Successes: Failures: est. Federal Reserve Bank His reform package passed Congress (The New Freedom) Appointed 1st Jewish justice to U.S. Supreme Court: Louis Brandeis delayed support for women’s rights (despite passage of 19th Amendment which occurred w/o his support) Dillingham Immigration Act? Sedition Act? Espionage Act? Could not convince U.S. Congress to join League of Nations Did nothing to stop anti-German sentiment in U.S. during WWI Stratian Act?

President Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921), U.S.A. FOREIGN POLICIES
Successes: Failures: U.S Neutrality (until 1917) Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts toward Moral Diplomacy(“making the world safe for democracy”) Creation of League of Nations (precursor to United Nations) 14 Points (which attempted to make Treaty of Versailles more humane/less punitive toward Germany) Moral Diplomacy (offensive to Latin Americans…cloaked imperialism) Treaty of Versailles (could not convince the other Allied powers to be less punitive in its treatment toward Germany) Mexican Revolution (U.S. military intervention) Tampico Affair Violated ?-Hay Treaty?

President Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933-1945), U.S.A. DOMESTIC POLICIES
Successes: Failures: Entitlement programs (via the New Deal) expanded the size of the federal government. First 100 Days boosted morale of American public (restored Americans’ confidence) e.g. Fireside Chats New Deal (& Second New Deal) National Bank Holiday (which stopped bank runs) Entitlement programs (via the New Deal) expanded the size of the federal government. New Deal (& Second New Deal) This can be argued both ways b/c it did not end the Great Depression; it did cushion the blow, though. Executive Order#: Japanese-American internment

President Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933-1945), U.S.A. FOREIGN POLICIES
Successes: Failures: Good Neighbor Policy leadership during WWII (e.g. after Pearl Harbor attack, general guidance through War)…effective leadership to the nation Lend-Lease Act Cash & Carry (Both benefited U.S. economy, BUT since these secured U.S.’ isolationist status, some Europeans criticized U.S. for not entering WWII sooner)

Truman: Character/reputation: honest (no filter!), brave, good man
moderate democrat VP for just 82 days before becoming pres. Had BOTH highest and lowest approval ratings of all U.S. presidents

1. President Harry S. Truman (1945-1953), U.S.A. DOMESTIC POLICIES
Successes: Failures: Fair Deal Limited defense spending/balanced budget Marshall Plan included stipulation that western nations must spend aid $ on food from U.S. food producers, which strengthened U.S. economy Civil Rights Record: Increase in lynchings of AAs in S. (1946) upset Truman, and he spoke out against them Executive Order # 9981 1st president to address NAACP, during which he called for civil rights for all Americans 1st president to deliver special message to Congress on civil rights, stressing its importance Risked alienating part of his party (southern democrats to do the right thing when civil rights were not a huge concern for whites at the time) Fair Deal Handling of McCarthy Executive Order 9835: Federal Loyalty Program Great Strike Wave of 1946 5K strikes in U.S. in just 1946! (about one million people on strike that year) Lost support of labor/union democrats Lost support of southern democrats (Dixiecrats) when he spoke in favor of civil rights Midterm Elections (1948) disastrous for Truman/democrats as republicans swept both houses 22nd Amendment?

Fair Deal Inspired by FDR’s New Deal
Series of legislative proposals to improve U.S. society – w/ mixed record of legislative success Minimum Wage: passed Expanded Social Security benefits to disabled persons: passed Call for Universal Healthcare: did not pass However, became 1st U.S. pres. To propose universal healthcare, which would from then on forever be associated w/ democratic party

Executive Order 9981 (1948) desegregation of all branches of U.S. military

Executive Order 9835: Federal Loyalty Program
In an effort to shield itself from Republican attacks, the Truman administration began a widely publicized program to review the loyalty of federal employees – to mitigate communist influence in fed. govnt. 1950 – Truman approved agencies to fire people (suspected communists) believed to have no more than “bad security risks” 1951 – Over 2,000 government employees resigned under pressure, and 212 were discharged Also, every time Truman spoke out against McCarthy in press, M. got lots of attention. Historians have argued he did not handle M - or his attacks - well.

How domestic Red Scare began: Alger Hiss
A U.S. official in the Depart. of State who, in 1948, was accused by a former communist, Whittaker Chambers, of having been a secret agent for the Soviet Union during the 1930s. Hiss denied charge until his death but was later convicted of lying under oath and was imprisoned for 5 years. How domestic Red Scare began: Alger Hiss

Significance of the Alger Hiss trial?
Heightened Americans’ fears Cast suspicion that communism had in fact crept into U.S. govnt Americans realized the notion of communists in U.S. possible Set stage for Senator Joseph McCarthy's infamous Communist-hunting

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954)
Murder of Emmett Till (1955) Rosa Parks & the Montgomery (AL) Bus Boycott (1955)

2. President Harry S. Truman (1945-1953), U.S.A. FOREIGN POLICIES
Successes: Failures: decision to drop atomic bomb Truman Doctrine (containment) Military & economic aid to Greece & Turkey Truman-MacArthur Feud (asserted himself as the President & commander-in-chief after M. criticized Truman in press for not attacking/extending Korean War into China) Marshall Plan Supported creation of Israel, based on his sympathy for Jews and opposition to anti-Semitism Berlin Blockade & Airlift Led U.S. as it assumed a global leadership role via the est. of the UN, NATO (& CIA also est.) Decision to drop atomic bomb Potsdam Conference decision to drop atomic bomb Truman Doctrine (containment) supported creation of Israel Sec. of State Dean Acheson’s Pacific Perimeter Speech Involved U.S. in Korean Conflict Truman’s Achilles Heel – felt death of each soldier, troubled, hardest part of presidency People’s Republic of China est. – some of Truman’s critics charged that Korean War should have extended into China

Truman’s advisors presented him with option to offer Japan a conditional surrender (the condition being that they could keep their emperor). Truman refused this option and demanded an unconditional surrender.

Prime Minister/President Fidel Castro (1959-2008), Cuba DOMESTIC POLICIES
Successes: Failures: ousted U.S. role/control of Cuban government & economy Returned Cuba to Cubans; coup removed U.S.-backed (puppet) leader Fulgencio Batista high literacy rate strong healthcare system more rights for women and blacks human rights violations (suppressed political dissidents via imprisonment & homosexual concentration camps) economic problems (communism does not cause economic prosperity)

Eisenhower: 1) to balance budget (which he did)
Character & reputation: WWII hero, integrity, competent, 32-year U.S. Army career Moderate republican Had a “hidden hand” (covert) leadership style Goals as president: 1) to balance budget (which he did) 2) to reduce defense budget spending (which he did) 3) to avoid war (large-scale) 4) to contain communism 5) to boost American economy (business cycle was up in 50s…so hard to say what role he played in strong 50s economy)

3. President Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953-1961), U. S. A
3. President Dwight D. Eisenhower ( ), U.S.A. DOMESTIC POLICIES Successes: Failures: Federal Highway Act (1956) Largest public works project in U.S. history up to that time Handled Joseph McCarthy effectively Little Rock Nine – Central High School Executive Order # 10479 Warned about military industrial complex balanced budget Missed an historic opportunity to provide moral leadership to nation on civil rights – #1 greatest domestic crisis of his presidency → a reluctant civil rights leader Did not address (praise) Brown v. Board of Ed. (1954) at all Ignored murder of Emmet Till – did not discuss Told AA leaders to “be patient…these things take time” – South must move at its own pace, etc.

4. President Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953-1961), U.S.A. FOREIGN POLICIES
Successes: Failures: New Look foreign policy 1954 Brinkmanship w/ China …which had bombed two tiny islands off its mainland. E made test explosion in New Mexico desert, made sure international press was there, & threatened to use nuclear weapons against Chinese, which worked. China backed down, but E thought: “there must be a better way.” Identified & warned about the Military Industrial Complex (a phrase he coined) Only U.S. pres. To meet w/ another country’s leader in peacetime to try to avoid war (Khrushchev) “The only way to save the world is through diplomacy.” Proposed “Open Skies” policy, but K said, “no.” paternalistic view toward developing world (Schmitz reading) supported CIA-backed coup in Iran (1953) Guatemala (1954) warned of the Domino Theory (a phrase he coined), which contributed to justification of U.S. involvement in Vietnam Brinkmanship (asserted U.S. military power, got his way) Beyond Brinkmanship…early stages of détente est. Suez Canal Crisis Missile Gap Sputnik launched (1957) U2 (Spy Plane) Incident (1959) Eisenhower Doctrine

Kennedy: First Catholic pres. Youngest-ever elected pres. (@43)
Wealthy, privileged background WWII veteran Historian (published) His Cold War stance: not afraid to use diplomacy "Let us never negotiate out of fear. But let us never fear to negotiate"

President John F. Kennedy (1961-1963), U.S.A. DOMESTIC POLICIES
Successes: Failures: Housing Act (1961) Minimum Wage Act (1961) Social Security Act amended (1961) Trade Expansion Act (1962) leadership w/ civil rights Civil Rights bill (which became Civil Rights Act of 1964) support of space development NASA goal of “putting a man on the moon” before the end of the decade/1960s, which was met in 1969 1st U.S. astronaut orbited earth: John Glenn (1962) New Frontier (est. 1960) Phrase developed into a label for his administration’s domestic and foreign programs. “We stand today on the edge of a New Frontier…” Addressed: science, space, prejudice, poverty, peace, the economy.

President John F. Kennedy (1961-1963), U.S.A. FOREIGN POLICIES
Successes: Failures: Alliance for Progress Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) Leadership during Peace Corps organized (1961) Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (1963) Tried to pursue peace w/ Castro & Khruschev – toward end of his life/time in office…in this regard, some historians see this as an unrealized presidency…. No combat soldiers in Vietnam on his watch (only advisors) Was trying to negotiate peace with Ho Chi Minh before his assassination Alliance for Progress New Frontier (est. 1960) Bay of Pigs (1961) Berlin Crisis (1961) Led to erection of Berlin Wall & Iron Curtain Kennedy-Khrushchev Summit in Vienna (1961) Role in Vietnam War increased # of military advisors from Eisenhower’s 675 to 16K

JFK Bay of Pigs (1961): vasion (1961)
Objective: to overthrow the Cuban government of Fidel Castro and fight communism CIA trained force of cuban exiles were to invade southern Cuba with support from the US government Occurred only 3 months into JFK's presidency Cuban armed forces=backed by Eastern Bloc nations Defeated US forces within 3 days Significance: Recognized as making Castro more popular amongst Cubans increased nationalism and support for Castro's economic policies increased huge defeat for the US, and an embarrassment for the US government/ Kennedy Administration

Augusto Pinochet (1973-1990), Chile DOMESTIC POLICIES
Successes: Failures: his free market reforms led Chile to become most economically free economy in LA today severe human rights violations

LBJ: Vulgar, wheeler-dealer, ambitious
“Few presidents would ever know more triumph – only to suffer such a swift, tragic fall from grace.”

President Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-1969), U.S.A. DOMESTIC POLICIES
Successes: Failures: Civil Rights Record: 24th Amendment ratified (1964) appointed 1st African American to U.S. Supreme Court (Justice Thurgood Marshall) supported racial Civil Rights (Civil Rights Act of 1964; Voting Rights Act of 1966) Behind LOTS of legislation passing – highly effective at wheeling-dealing w/ Congress, trading, etc. to get votes he needed – it also wasn’t beneath him to give subtle threats (e.g. “if I don’t have your support on this bill, I won’t forget and will make it hard for you the next time you need something in Washington.”) “Got things done.” Got more legislation passed than any other president – most effective president ever at getting legislation passed. War on Poverty (mixed results) Great Society expanded size of federal government: e.g. Medicare, Medicaid His credibility & honesty called into question due to: Denying he’d send combat soldiers to Vietnam (in ‘64 campaign) – broke his word Gulf of Tonkin Incident Pentagon Papers Sent message to some Americans that presidency no longer sacred - & could no longer be trusted Great Society (expanded size of federal government) couldn’t eliminate or mitigate polarization of U.S. over Vietnam… anti-war protesting increased as U.S. role in Vietnam increased “Hey, hey, LBJ, how many kids did you kill today?” Executive Order # 11246? 24th amendment?

Great Society: LBJ Expanded Liberalism through the largest domestic reform agenda since FDR’s New Deal extension of New Deal series of legislative proposals to improve society From: highway beautification; $ for education (e.g. Head Start); healthcare for aged (Medicare) & needy (Medicaid) SUMMARY here:

War on Poverty: Part of Great Society A populist proposal
35 million Americans living below poverty line when he became pres. LBJ put poverty on front page of national awareness – prior to this it had mostly been ignored (& invisible)

Anti-war protesting increased as LBJ increased U. S
Anti-war protesting increased as LBJ increased U.S. combat role in Vietnam: LBJ 1st & main U.S. Pres. to send combat soldiers to Vietnam (Eisenhower & Kennedy only sent advisors (i.e. soldiers to train S. Vietnamese soldiers) 1964: 15K combat troops in Vietnam 1968: 550K combat troops in Vietnam! Some protestors changed: “Hey, hey LBJ, how many kids did you kill today?” Anti-war protesting began, 1965 Riots/violence at Democratic National Convention, 1968 Columbia U. students seized campus, 1968, in defiance of War.

President Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-1969), U.S.A. FOREIGN POLICIES
Successes: Failures: Response to Panamanian riots in Panama Canal Zone, 1964 U.S. military intervention in Dominican Republic, 1965 escalation of war in Vietnam (more than any other U.S. president) 1st combat soldiers sent under his watch 1964: 15K combat soldiers 1968: 550K combat soldiers there! Tet Offensive (1968) Told Americans that all was not going as well with the War as they had thought/previously been told Point at which U.S. generals did not think U.S. could win 1968 = bloodiest year in Vietnam/highest fatality rates of U.S. soldiers Walter Cronkite statement (1968) My Lai Massacre (1968…revealed to public: 1969) Discrediting of LBJ - & office of presidency: Gulf of Tonkin Incident Pentagon Papers (1971)

Response to Panamanian riots in Panama Canal Zone, 1964
LBJ’s 1st foreign crisis January 9, 1964 riots over sovereignty of the Panama Canal Zone. The riot started after a Panamanian flag was torn during conflict between Panamanian students and Canal Zone Police officers, over the right of the Panamanian flag to be flown alongside the U.S. flag. U.S. Army units became involved in suppressing the violence after Canal Zone police were overwhelmed, and after three days of fighting, about 21 Panamanians and four U.S. soldiers were killed. The incident is considered to be a significant factor in the U.S. decision to transfer control of the Canal Zone to Panama through the 1977 Torrijos–Carter Treaties. Outcome? LBJ decided to decrease control of Panama Canal, the control of which by the U.S. had been est. in 1903 Treaty. These riots became impetus for 1977 Treaty, which returned PC to Panama in 1999.

LBJ sent U.S. marines to Dominican Republic (1965):
…after pro-leftist leader Juan Bosch democratically elected (then, military took over, then pro-Bosch rioting began. LBJ fearful of another Cuba…result: non-communist leader assumed power for 12 years, leading to denial of civil liberties, human rights violations, and 11K deaths)

Escalation of War in Vietnam:
1964 campaign/election (against Goldwater), LBJ promised he’d never send combat soldiers to Vietnam. Broke this campaign promise. Throughout campaign, he kept Vietnam hidden from U.S. public, but behind closed doors, he and his advisors were making decisions that would bring U.S. deeper and deeper into war.

Gulf of Tonkin Incident:
LBJ used incident to make war in Vietnam. LBJ accused N. Vietnamese of unprovoked attacks, but really, LBJ had been running covert raids against N.V. for six months prior (so incident (when N. Vietnamese gunboats attacked U.S.S. Maddox) was actually NOT unprovoked, as he had claimed) Then, Gulf of Tonkin Resolution almost unanimously passed by Congress, which gave LBJ lots of power to send more troops & $ - the so-called blank check to fund escalate the War. LBJ ordered bombing raid over N. Vietnam in response to attack on U.S.S. Maddox after receiving this blank check from Congress WHY? LBJ didn’t care about Vietnam and wished he didn’t have to deal with it. His concerns were almost entirely with domestic policy. His handling of/lying about the Gulf of T. incident partly in response to right-wing attacks that LBJ was “soft on communism” – did jingoism escalate the war???

LBJ did not understand history of Vietnam:
To the N. Vietnamese, Ho Chi Minh was a revolutionary – a patriot, devoted to removing foreigners from Vietnam (Vietnam had been occupied by foreigners since 1862 (French) – who sought to reunify ONE Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh was a young man when he attended the Peace Conference in Versailles (1919) to try to convince French to leave SE Asia (Vietnam) – but to no avail. He was indeed a communist, but he was not a Stalin or a Mao - & had no interest in anything outside of Vietnam. However, LBJ perceived Minh as a threat &, therefore, wanted two Vietnams to contain communism in N. Vietnam….

Nixon: Self-made; did not come from $; devoted to his family – they all adored each other (daughters & wife) Considered one of most intelligent presidents (next to Clinton and Thomas Jefferson) A great visionary, particularly gifted in foreign policy - & a progressive when it came to many domestic issues With exception of Carter, every successive president called on Nixon for FP advice (died when Clinton in White House), and “he did it without looking for credit.” Moderate republican Had issues/tragic figure: had enemies list, trusted almost no one – paranoid, chip on his shoulder about Kennedys (resented JFK’s wealth & privilege) Accomplishments have been overshadowed by Watergate Scandal Henry Kissinger on Nixon: “N. had a great vision & the ability to achieve it…tragedy…he destroyed himself, & his pitiless enemies never gave him any compassion.” Nixon: full of remorse over Watergate & resignation: “I screwed it up, and I have paid the price.” Arrogance, abuse of power led N. to believe that executive privilege would protect him during Watergate Scandal – when an aid tried to encourage him to destroy the White House Taps (thousands of hours of recorded conversations between Nixon & advisors, et al), he said, “No, those are my personal property.” Nixon perpetuated cover-up, lied to American public about what he knew 12 senior advisors went to jail for carrying out N’s illegalities, including the one who broke into Daniel Ellsberg’s (Pentagon Papers guy) psychiatrist’s office

President Richard Nixon (1969-1974), U.S.A. DOMESTIC POLICIES
Successes: Failures: Strong Civil Rights Record: Indian Self-Determination & Education Assistance Act of 1975 (passed after leaving office, but he had worked very hard on this during his tenure) endorsed Equal Rights Amendment (even though never ratified by Congress) Racial Civil Rights: Black Capitalism Initiative 1st pro-affirmative action president Enforced federal law toward ongoing issue of school desegregation – de jure & de facto Est. (EPA) Environmental Protection Agency – proposed & est. via executive order by Nixon New Federalism (policy to return powers to state gov.s) couldn’t eliminate or mitigate polarization of U.S. over Vietnam (on other hand, a country as divided as U.S. was not easy to lead) College students killed at Kent State U. & JSU Silent Majority, 1969 My Lai Massacre revealed to U.S. public one year later (1969) Elimination of OEO?

Reminder: Despite the significance of the Watergate Scandal, it’s not a “policy” – so if asked about this, this should not be one of your subtopics. You could surely mention it in your intro. Or conclusion, though. Watergate Scandal → resignation from office, which – among other things - increased Americans’ distrust in government & tarnished presidency & republican party 1st president to resign from office (otherwise would have been impeached and removed from office) Watergate Scandal tarnished presidency Nixon lied & contributed to the cover-up during the Congressional investigation U.S. more demoralized, disillusioned, & divided

EPA: While President Nixon surprised many with wage and price controls, he shocked his friends and foes alike when he took the lead in environmental legislation. Nixon created the Environmental Protection Agency and advocated the Clean Air Act and the National Environmental Policy Act. Nixon also created the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. On the other hand, he vetoed the Clean Water Act for being too onerous, extreme, and expensive. Bottom line? Next to Theodore Roosevelt, Richard Nixon was the most environmentally-friendly president.

Native American Civil Rights:
Did more for NAs than any other U.S. pres. from: “Special Message on Indian Affairs” – July 8, 1970 (on Schoology) Rejected past U.S. policies of assimilation, termination, relocation, etc. Called for Self-Determination (sovereignty, independence) for NAs Criticized past practices of fed. Govnt. Toward NAs Acknowledged Nas had been “oppressed and brutalized” since their very first contact with European settlers – with a history of broken treaties etc. Offered explicit support of NAs

African American Civil Rights:
See: Affirmative Action: Nixon 1st U.S. pres. To support AA so strongly: Philadelphia Plan, 1970: In 1969 the Nixon administration Initiated the “Philadelphia Order”. It was regarded as the most forceful plan thus far to guarantee fair hiring practices in construction jobs. Philadelphia was selected as the test case because, as assistant secretary of labor Arthur Fletcher explained, "The craft unions and the construction industry are among the most egregious offenders against equal opportunity laws openly hostile toward letting blacks into their closed circle." The order included definite "goals and timetables." As President Nixon asserted, "We would not impose quotas, but would require federal contractors to show 'affirmative action' to meet the goals of increasing minority employment." It was through the Philadelphia Plan that the Nixon administration formed their adapted definition of affirmative action and became the official policy of the US government. The plan was defined as “racial goals and timetables, not quotas”

Black Capitalism: The catchy and promising phrase "black capitalism" became part of the language when Richard Nixon promised during his election campaign that his Administration would step up loans and other aid for AAs to start their own businesses. As Nixon put it, the Government should act decisively to help AAs gain their fair "piece of the action." The rather general idea that AAs should lift themselves up through business ownership, as many other ethnic groups had done in the U.S., inspired hope and some votes among people of all races. His motives were – in part - to reduce black power movement & increase black business ownership.

In Summary…African Americans:
In addition to the environment, Richard Nixon was the last president to initiate programs to help African-Americans. Although the Supreme Court banned Jim Crow in 1954, southern schools remained heavily segregated in Nixon forced compliance through a carrot and stick approach. Districts received federal funds to help comply with Brown v. Board of Education. As a result of his efforts, southern schools integrated. Additionally, Nixon initiated the Philadelphia Plan, which was the first major federal affirmative action plan. On the other hand, he opposed busing children to achieve racial balance feeling the court-mandated program undermined integration efforts.

Women’s Rights: Nixon campaigned as an ERA (Equal Rights Act) supporter in 1968. Although feminists criticized him for doing little to help their cause/support the ERA more, Nixon appointed more women to administration positions than his predecessor Lyndon Johnson

Richard Nixon remains the last president with a large number of domestic achievements. Nixon cleaned the environment and forced the south to integrate. He also blocked more extreme legislation and tried to keep spending down. The economy began to degrade before he took office and Nixon did take measures to rectify the problem. Unfortunately, wage and price controls failed miserably in the end. Despite the failings of wage and price controls, Nixon’s domestic policies helped more than they hurt.　

Summary of Nixon’s top D/FP Achievements:

Eisenhower, Kennedy, Nixon, Carter did not like war and sought peace – albeit sometimes unsuccessfully. e.g. Right before Kennedy was assassinated, he was trying to negotiate peace w/ Castro & Ho Chi Minh. Nixon, for one, desperately wanted his legacy to be known as peacemaker.

President Richard Nixon (1969-1974), U.S.A. FOREIGN POLICIES
Successes: Failures: Also had a paternalistic view – along w/ Eisenhower et al - toward developing world (Schmitz reading) Was behind CIA-backed coup in Chile, 1973 (to remove Salvador Allende from power, replacing him with Augusto Pinochet) Vietnam: criticized for not ending war sooner (had campaigned in ‘68 election to be out of Vietnam in one year…this proved difficult for him…combat troops not 100% removed until 1973) Operation Menu ( ) Removed U.S. troops from Vietnam Nixon Doctrine, 1969 Vietnamization, 1969 “In the previous administration, we Americanized the war in Vietnam. In this administration, we are Vietnamizing the search for peace.” Peace With Honor, 1973 These two policies helped to secure his re-election: New China Policy (1971) Détente (policy announced), 1970 1st U.S. pres. to step foot in Kremlin…he & Brezhnev signed a treaty to slow nuclear arms race

Nixon’s New China Policy, 1971:
Rapprochement = an establishment or re-establishment of harmonious relations. Brilliant! Treated as a hero after China Summit. Rapprochement: shifted balance of power away from USSR by bringing China into the fold…increased Soviet-Sino tensions as U.S. befriended China (as opposed to Soviet-Sino vs. U.S.) Nixon believed that if countries were trading with each other, they were much less likely to go to war with one another, so when Nixon improved diplomatic (& trade) relations w/ China, it mitigated the U.S.-China Cold War tension…among other things.

Note: This ppt. does not contain as much detail for Presidents Carter, Reagan, H.W. Bush, and Clinton, but you do have your PLOs to review for those presidents, too.

Carter: Promised the U.S. a new beginning to heal wounds from Watergate & Vietnam “good, smart, well-intentioned man, who was in over his head” Best ex-president U.S. has ever had Led by his moral ideology Moderate democrat

President Jimmy Carter (1977-1981), U.S.A. DOMESTIC POLICIES
Successes: Failures: rise of green technology (e.g. solar panels) amnesty to draft dodgers poor economy (e.g. high inflation rates, high gas prices b/c of oil crisis, etc.) ineffective leader (could not work well w/ Congress; poor media image)

President Jimmy Carter (1977-1981), U.S.A. FOREIGN POLICIES
Successes: Failures: Nobel peace prize recipient for his devotion/efforts to human rights Camp David Accords Boycott of 1980 Olympic Games in Russia Panama Canal Treaty Torrijos–Carter Treaties Taiwan Relations Act (when Carter said Taiwan was part of China, this angered the Taiwanese, who sought independence from China, so this Act only somewhat repaired U.S. – Taiwan relations) Iranian Hostage Scandal (but out of his hands, really) Oil crisis

Reagan: Excellent people skills, personally admired
Humble, humorous, kind, principled – yet a bit mysterious and hard to figure out…contradictory records on some issues Appealed to American people’s sense of optimism (he, himself, was optimistic) Americans who liked him felt he personified all that was good about the U.S. (e.g. optimism…anything is possible in U.S.) Led a revolution to: 1) free Americans of big govnt; 2) free the world of communism. Believed in balanced budgets but never passed one

President Ronald Reagan (1981-1989), U.S.A. DOMESTIC POLICIES
Successes: Failures: Reaganomics (cut taxes) appointed first woman to U.S. Supreme Court (Justice Sandra Day O’Connor) Increased morale of Americans; inspired public (esp. republicans) & Congress (worked effectively with Congress, which had a democratic majority) After LBJ (Gulf of Tonkin Incident, Pentagon Papers), Nixon (Watergate), Vietnam, inflation during Carter pres. etc., he made Americans feel good about themselves and their government again. Reaganomics welcomed Christian Right into Republican Party ignored/did not address national AIDS epidemic revoked Nixon’s New Federalism War on Drugs

Reaganomics:

President Ronald Reagan (1981-1989), U.S.A. FOREIGN POLICIES
Successes: Failures: supporters credit Reagan with: contributed to end of Cold War Glasnost? Iran-Contra Scandal supported covert operations in Central America (which offended Latin Americans) El Salvador, Nicaragua, Lebanon, Grenada Reagan Doctrine

President George H.W. Bush (1989-1993), U.S.A. DOMESTIC POLICIES
Successes: Failures: Supporters of Bush argue that he acted in a statesman –like manner by raising taxes b/c the deficit had to be reduced, and he worked with Congress to do this (the compromise was to raise taxes to offset this deficit) Americans With Disabilities Act Clean Air Act? “Read my lips; no new taxes.” Abolished military draft?

President George H.W. Bush (1989-1993), U.S.A. FOREIGN POLICIES
Successes: Failures: Persian Gulf War U.S. invasion of Panama?

President Bill Clinton (1993-2001), U.S.A. DOMESTIC POLICIES
Successes: Failures: Family & Medical Leave Act New (moderate) Democrat welfare reform Immigration reform balanced budget (ran a surplus) Monica Lewinsky Scandal & impeachment attempt at healthcare reform failed not a supporter of Gay rights DOMA (Defense of Marriage Act) Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell

President Bill Clinton (1993-2001), U.S.A. FOREIGN POLICIES
Successes: Failures: Bosnian Conflict (sending troops for humanitarian aid) NAFTA Black Hawke helicopters down in Somalia Rwandan Genocide

P3 Exam Review, #3 of 3 (2014): IB HOA ~ Successes, Failures, & the General Effectiveness of U.S. Presidents: Harry S. Truman (1945-1953): DP & FP Dwight.

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "P3 Exam Review, #3 of 3 (2014): IB HOA ~ Successes, Failures, & the General Effectiveness of U.S. Presidents: Harry S. Truman (1945-1953): DP & FP Dwight."— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback

Log in

Auth with social network:

P3 Exam Review, #3 of 3 (2014): IB HOA ~ Successes, Failures, & the General Effectiveness of U.S. Presidents: Harry S. Truman (1945-1953): DP & FP Dwight.

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "P3 Exam Review, #3 of 3 (2014): IB HOA ~ Successes, Failures, & the General Effectiveness of U.S. Presidents: Harry S. Truman (1945-1953): DP & FP Dwight."— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback