1. Chapter 7 Cargo Insurance  Aims and Requirements
 7.1 Scope of Cargo Insurance
7.2 Terms and Coverages of Ocean Marine Cargo Insurance
7.3 London Insurance Institute Cargo Clauses (I.C.C.)
7.4 Cargo Insurance Practice in Import and Export Business
 7.5 Insurance Clauses in Sales Contract

2. Aims and Requirements Aims: Key Points:
To grasp ocean marine cargo insurance;
To learn how to write insurance clause.
Key Points:
General Average and Particular Average, FPA, WRA, All Risks, ICC, Insurance Clause
Teaching Methods:
Discussion, Comparison, Case Study, Team Study, English Teaching

3. The Basic Principle of Insurance
Principle of Insurable Interest (保险利益)
Principle of Utmost Good Faith (最大诚信)
Principle of Indemnity (补偿原则)
Principle of Proximate Cause (近因原则)

4. 7.1 Scope of Cargo Insurance
 Risk or Peril
7.1.2 Loss and Expense
Case Study

5. 7.1.1 Risk or Peril Sea Peril Extraneous risks
Perils are mainly divided into two kinds:
Sea Peril
(1) Natural calamities
Heavy weather, lighting, tsunami, earthquake, flood and volcanic eruption etc.
(2) Accidents
The carrying vessel being grounded, stranded, sunk, burnt or in collision, fire, explosion etc.
Extraneous risks
General extraneous risks
Theft, fresh or rain water damage, shortage, leakage, breakage, sweating and heating, intermixture and contamination, hook damage, breakage of packing etc.
(2) Special extraneous risks
War, strike, non-delivery and rejection etc.

6. 7.1.2 Loss and Expense Total Loss Actual total loss
Partial Loss
General Average
Particular Average
Loss
Total loss
Partial loss
Expense
Sue and labor charges
Salvage charges
Total Loss
Actual total loss
Constructive total loss

7. Total Loss Actual total loss Constructive total loss
Totally lost;
So damaged to the extent that it is without its original shape and validity;
No longer be in the possession of the insured;
Missing for a certain period of time without any information.
Constructive total loss
The actual total loss of cargo is inevitable or unavoidable;
The cost of salvage or recovery could have exceeded that the value of the cargo;
the insured shall submit to the insurance company the notice of abandonment（委付通知）

8. Partial Loss General Average Particular Average
--- refers to sacrifices voluntarily made and extraordinary expenses incurred to rescue a ship and its cargo from impeding danger or for the common safety under fortuitous circumstance while it is at sea or at anchor in port.
--- when such a loss occurs, it is paid on a pro rata basis by the ship owner and all cargo owners (General average contribution)
Particular Average
--- refers to a partial loss of the subject matter insured proximately caused by an insured peril, other than a general average loss.
--- The loss should be borne by the party who suffers.

9. The loss is often borne by
Distinctions
Usually caused
The loss is often borne by
Particular Average
Directly by sea perils
The party whose cargo is damaged
General Average
By intentional measures taken
All the benefited parties proportionately

10. Expenditures Sue and labor charges Salvage charges
--- when the insured cargo suffers natural calamities or fortuitous accidents within the scope of insurance cover, the insured or his agent or any employees pays the expenses caused in saving the insured cargo in order to prevent the losses from further expending. These charges shall be covered by the insurer.
Salvage charges
--- when the insured cargo suffers a natural calamity or a fortuitous accident within the scope of insurance cover, the third party who has no contracted relations with the insured and the insurer salvages the cargo successfully. The insurer shall pay to the salvor.
--- Principle:" no cure-no pay”

11. Case Study 1
某货轮从天津新港驶往新加坡，在航行途中船舶货舱起火，大火蔓延到机舱，船长为了船货的共同安全，下令往舱内灌水，火很快被扑灭。但由于主机受损，无法继续航行，于是船长雇用拖轮将船拖回新港修理，修好后重新驶往新加坡。这次造成的损失主要有：（1）600箱货被火烧毁；（2）500箱货被水浇湿，无其他损失；（3）200 箱货既受热熏损失，又受水渍损失，但未发现任何火烧的痕迹； （4）100 箱货被火烧过且有严重水渍；（5）主机及部分甲板被烧坏；（6）拖轮费用；（7）额外增加的燃油和船上人员工资。试分析上述损失的性质，并指出需投保何种险别，才能取得保险公司的赔偿？

12. 7.2 Terms and Coverage of Ocean Marine Cargo Insurance
7.2.1 Basic Coverage
7.2.2 Additional Coverage
7.2.3 Terms and Coverages of Other Modes of Transportation Cargo Insurance

13. 7.2.1 Basic Coverage F.P.A. W.A. All Risks
Basic coverage is also called main insurance which may be underwritten independently. It is classified into three conditions:
Free from
Particular
Average
F.P.A.
With
Average
W.A.
Include
F.P.A.
and W.A.
All
Risks

14. The Commencement and Termination of Basic Coverage
The commencement and termination of basic insurance are usually stipulated by adopting the customary “W/W” (warehouse to warehouse ) clause.
But the policy provides an overriding（溢额） time limit of sixty days after the completion of discharge of the insured goods from the seagoing vessel at the final port of discharge.

15. Case Study 2
一批货物投保F.P.A.,载运这批货物的海轮于5月3日在海面遇到暴风雨的袭击，使该批货物受到部分水渍，损失货值1000元，该货轮继续航行中，又于5月8日发生触礁事故，又是该批货物损失1000元。试问：保险公司如何赔偿？

16. Case Study 3
某进出口公司向澳门出口坯布100包，按合同规定投保W.P.A，货物运输途中因舱内食用水管漏水，致使30包浸有水渍。保险公司应如何赔偿？

17. General additional risks
7.2.2 Additional Coverage
Additional coverage can not be covered independently, they shall be underwritten depending on one kind of the basic coverages.
General additional risks
Special
additional
risks

18. Attention
Theft, Pilferage & Non- delivery (T.P.N.D) c.f. Failure to Delivery
War Risk
Strike Risk (S.R.C.C)
On Deck
Aflatoxin Risk

19. Commence and termination of Marine War Risk
The insured goods are covered from the time when they are loaded on board the ship or lighter at the port of shipment named in the policy and continue to be covered until they are discharged at the port of destination named in the policy. (以水上危险为限,waterborne risks)
If the cargoes are not discharged from the ship or lighter, then the time of insurance duty shall be limited to 15 days counting from the midnight of the day when the vessel arrives at the port of destination.
Strike risk follows the W/W clause too.

20. Case Study 4
我按 CIF 条件向中东某国出口一批货物，根据合同投保了W.P.A.plusT.P.N.D。但在海运途中，因两伊战起船被扣押。尔后进口商因提货不着便向保险公司进行索赔。保险公司是否理赔？应投保何种险别更为合理？

21. Case Study 5
我按 CIF 出口冷冻食品一批，合同规定投保F.P.A. plus War Risk and Strike Risk 。货到目的港后恰逢码头工人罢工，港口无人作业，货物无法卸载。不久货轮因无法补充燃料以致冷冻设备停机。等到罢工结束，该批冷冻食品已变质。问这种由于罢工而引起的损失，保险公司是否负责赔偿？

22. 7.2.3 Terms and Coverages of Other Modes of Transportation Cargo Insurance
Overland Transportation Cargo Insurance – Train, Truck
Air Transportation Cargo Insurance
Parcel Post Insurance

23. 7.3 London Insurance Institute Cargo Clauses (I.C.C.)

24. The newly revised London Insurance Institute Cargo Clauses (I. C
The newly revised London Insurance Institute Cargo Clauses (I.C.C) include 6 kinds:
I.C.C.(A)
I.C.C.(B)
I.C.C.(C)
Malicious
Damage
Clause
Institute
Strikes Clause
War Clause
The commencement and termination of I.C.C. follows the customary “W/W” clause too.

25. 7.4 Cargo Insurance Practice in Import and Export Business
7.4.1 To Determine Insurance Amount
7.4.2 To Make an Application and Pay Insurance Premium
7.4.3 To Obtain an Insurance Document
7.4.4 Claim

26. 7.4.1 To Determine Insurance Amount
Insurance amount is the highest amount of indemnity or benefit of an insurance contract and also the basis which the insurer calculates the insurance premium.

27. = CIF price× (1+markup percentage)
The insurance amount under CIF trade term includes:
①Invoice value which is made up of 3 parts, i.e., cost of the goods, amount of freight, insurance premium.
②Markup percentage which is usually 10 percent of the CIF value.
The formula used to calculate the insurance amount under CIF trade terms is shown as follows:
Insurance amount
= CIF price× (1+markup percentage)

28. If under FOB trade terms Insurance amount
Under FOB or CFR terms, in order to simplify procedures, foreign trade enterprises usually sign open policies with the insurance company in which an average freight rate and an average insurance premium rate are stipulated. The formula is as follows:
If under FOB trade terms
Insurance amount
=FOB price× (1+average freight rate + average premium rate)
If under CFR trade terms
=CFR× (1+average premium rate)

29. 7.4.2 To Make an Application and Pay Insurance Premium
Fill in the application form, state all the description of goods and coverage, pay the premium.
Formula of Insurance Premium computation:
Premium=Insurance Amount × premium rate
Premium=CIF price × (1+markup percentage) ×premium rate
Premium=FOB price× (1+average premium rate + average freight rate) ×average premium rate
Premium=CFR price× (1+average premium rate) × average premium rate

30. 7.4.3 To Obtain an Insurance Document
Insurance Policy
Open Policy
Insurance Certificate
Combined Certificate
Endorsement

31. 7.4.4 Claim To send out a loss notice
To lodge a claim against the carrier or other responsible parties
To take reasonable measures to salve and recondition the damaged goods
To get all claim documents ready
Right of subrogation

32. 7.5 Insurance Clauses in Sales Contract

33. 所保的货物 “ ~+on”，如insurance on the 100 tons of soft wool；
投 保 的 险 别 “ ~+against” ，如insurance against all risks；
保额 “ ~+for” ，如insurance for 110% of the invoice value；
保险费或保险费率 “ ~+at” ，如insurance at a slightly higher premium, insurance at the rate of 5%；
向保险公司投保 “ ~+with” ，如insurance with the People’s Insurance Company of China．

34. Exercise Translate the following sentence into English:
由卖方根据中国人民保险公司1981年1月1日有关海洋货物运输保险条例，按发票金额的110%投保一切险和战争险。
To be covered by the Seller for 110% of total invoice value against All Risks and War Risk as per relevant Ocean Marine Cargo Clause of the China Insurance Clauses of January 1, 1981.