2.  Prehistoric Times ◦ Angry god or evil spirits caused illness ◦ The gods needed to be pacified to obtain a cure ◦ Evil spirits driven out  Communities helped to secure health of its members ◦ Health practices were based on belief systems  Modern Western Thinking ◦ Originating with the Greeks  No supernatural powers affecting health

3.  Western Beliefs ◦ Everything that can be known can be found through studying and observing science ◦ Cortez conquering the Aztecs changed a culture’s belief in polytheism to monotheism  Diseases were thought to have been caused by emotional turmoil or grief (nervous condition) ◦ Certain illnesses had a stigma attached  Leprosy, AIDS

6.  384-322BC  Dissection of small animals  Heart was the most important organ ◦ Center of the body ◦ Seat of emotions

8.  Professor of Anatomy from Padua, Italy  1514-1564  Dissection of Humans (considered horrible!)  Made much more accurate drawings and diagrams

9.  1578-1657  English physician and physiologist  Established blood circulates in a closed system impelled by a pump-like heart

10. 1632-1723 Refined the microscope lens

11.  Published Micrographia ◦ Described the plant cells in cork ◦ First to describe what a cell was

12.  1743-1794  Was actually a lawyer but devoted his life to scientific pursuits  He studied Chemistry ◦ Came up with new ideas that allowed for the beginning of Biochemistry  He was beheaded during the French Revolution.

14. 1827-1912 Concluded that microbes caused wound infections Used Carbolic acid on wounds to kill microbes Listerine

15.  1820-1910  Leading proponent of sanitation  Crimean War with Napoleon ◦ Had 38 nurses with her to treat 2000 wounded and sick soldiers ◦ She and her nurses cleaned up the hospital tents ◦ Used hygiene on the soldiers and ◦ Slashed the death rate of soldiers from from 40% to 2%!!!!!!

16.  1822-1895  First real Bacteriologist  Studied fermentation processes ◦ Learned how to prevent the souring of wine ◦ “Pasteurization”  Dispelled the idea the “Miasma” or fumes was the cause of diseases

17.  1843-1910  Claimed microorganisms are the cause of illnesses  Identified the organism for tuberculosis ◦ Discovered TB skin testing method

18.  1845-1923  Discovered X rays

19.  1845-1915  Bacteriologist ◦ “magic bullets” could attack diseases and leave the rest of the body undamaged  He used arsenic compound (Salvarsan) as a weapon again syphilis

20.  1881-1955  In 1928 he studied the relationship between bacteria and the mold Penicillium ◦ Penicillium had the ability to kill Staphylocci  Not until 1940 were researchers able to use the microorganism as an antibiotic Penicillin

21.  1921  Discovered Insulin ◦ Isolated insulin from the pancreas of a dog  1922 ◦ Successfully treated a little boy with diabetes

23.  DNA structure  DNA Molecule

24.  Pathology  From the Greek for Pathos meaning Disease ◦ Deals with the study of the structural and functional changes in cells, tissues and organs of the body that cause or are caused by disease  Physiology ◦ Function of the Body in the healthy state  Pathophysiology ◦ Focuses on the mechanisms of the underlying disease and provides the background for preventive as well as therapeutic health care measures and practices

25.  Any deviation from or interruption of the normal structure or function of a part, organ, or system of the body that is manifested by a characteristic set of symptoms or signs

26.  The causes of disease = etiologic factors ◦ Biological Agents  Bacteria, viruses ◦ Physical Forces  Trauma, burns, radiation ◦ Chemical Agents  Poisons, alcohol ◦ Nutritional Excesses of Deficits  Most diseases are multifactorial in origins ◦ Risk Factors  For example, heart disease or cancer

27.  The sequence of cellular and tissue events that takes place from the time of initial contact with an etiologic agent until the ultimate expression of a disease.

28.  Fundamental structure or form of cells or tissues ◦ Histology

29.  Signs v. Symptoms  Symptom ◦ A subjective complaint that is noted by the person with a disorder  Sign ◦ A manifestation that is noted by an observer

30.  The designation as the the nature or cause of a health problem  Requires history and physical examination  Differential Diagnosis ◦ A systematic method used to identify unknowns. This method, essentially a process of eliminationprocess of elimination

31.  Normality ◦ An important factor when interpreting diagnostic test results is the determination of whether they are normal or abnormal  Reliability ◦ The extent to which an observation is repeatable  Validity ◦ The extent to which a measurement tool measures what is intended to measure  Sensitivity ◦ The proportion of people with a disease who are positive for that disease on a given test or observation  Specificity ◦ The proportion of people without the disease who are negative on a given test or observation  95% accurate v. 100%

32.  Mortality ◦ Death statistics  Morbidity ◦ The effects of an illness has on a person’s life  Concerned not only with the occurrence and incidence of the diseases but also the long-term impact of the disease

33.  Conditions suspected of contributing to the development of a disease  Studies to determine risk factors ◦ Cross-sectional studies  Simultaneous collection of information for classification of exposure and outcome ◦ Case-control studies  Compares persons known to have the outcome of interest and those known not to have the outcome of interest ◦ Cohort studies  Group of persons who were born at approximately the same time or share some characteristics of interest ◦ Longitudinal studies  A cohort is studies over a period of time

34.  Framingham Massachusetts ◦ In 1948, the Framingham Heart Study embarked on an ambitious project in health research to identify the common factors that contribute to cardiovascular disease by following its development over a long period of time in a large group of participants.  5000 people between 30 and 59 years of age  Followed for 20 years  Looking at coronary artery disease

35.  Probable outcome and prospect of recovery from a disease

36.  Primary ◦ Keeping disease from occurring by removing risk factors  Secondary ◦ Detect disease early when it is still asymptomatic  Pap smears  Tertiary ◦ Clinical interventions that prevent further deterioration or reduces the complication of a disease once it is diagnosed