1. Mobile Internet Professor Gennady Yanovsky, State University of Telecommunications St. Petersburg, Russia yanovsky@sut.ru ICTP School on Radio Use for Information and Communication Technology The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics ICTP Trieste (Italy) 3 - 21 February 2003

2. 1. INTRODUCTION Two concepts Internet Mobile Internet – short history (fixed networks) 1969 – ARPA Noncommercial apps and Weak development (1970-1990) Exponential grows after beginning of 90-th (some figures) Plans for NGN

3. Internet development’s illustration

4. Mobile – short history 70-th – first mobile networks (analog) – 1G 90-th – digital mobile networks – (2G, GSM) Beginning of current decade – (2,5G, EGSM) Expectations – 3G (broadband access, HBRs in air interface) Exponential grows (some figures)

5. Constant time-lag between fixed and mobile network applications 1991 19941997 2000 2003 Start of the World Wide Web Functionality Year èFunctionality èSpeed èCost 3 - 5 Years Ô Audio & Video broadband (DSL, CATV, etc.) Ô Audio & Video narrowband Ô Pictures Ô Graphics Ô WWW Ô Text Ô SMS Ô Pictures Ô Graphics Ô HSCSD Ô WAP Ô Audio & Video narrowband (GPRS) Ô Audio & Video broadband (UMTS) Fixed networks are leading

6. Time to reach 50 mln customers 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1922195019801995 Radio (40 years) TV (15 years) Cable TV (10 years) Computer Internet (<5 years) Mobile Phone Telephone (90 years) millions of customers Products have an accelerated market penetration. Penetration rates for different services (for the US market)

7. 2. Key forces for broadband access Public Network Principles Backbone Network Transmission Network Terminations Access Gateway Wireless Technologies Access Network Twisted Pair Cable/Coax Power line Optical Fiber Switching Transmission

8. How long does it take to download Cable WLAN 30 UMTS ADSL Fiber GSM PSTN GPRS ISDN bit/s Byte 1 0,0 1 30 3 2,5 0,4 0,2 130 secs mins 20 9,6 k 56 k 115 k 128 k 2 M 8 M 30 M 80 M 800 G secs msec nsecs 7 3,5 12 sec µsecs mins secs msecs Live Video codecs starting with 32 kbit/s days hours 3 12 hours6 mins42 3 k (EM)3 M (S/HRP)300 M (1hV)

9. Broadband to the customer via different techniques Backbone Networks Satellites Sky Stations Access Network Twisted Pair xDSL/ Cable/Coax Optical fiber GSM/GPRS/UMTS WLAN Two general types to access the informational Resources through Net

10. Technological limitations of different transmission media Fiber Coax Cellular Wireless* *Capacity in Mbit/s/sqkm 250 Copper Twisted Pair

11. Wireless access technologies Cellular WLL Satellite VSAT TV AMPS CDMA GSM PCS HSCSD EDGE GPRS 3G - UMTS PMPCDMA Bluetooth DECT WLAN

12. Networks go broadband 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 1G 100M 10M 1M 100K 10K 1K Year xDSL Cable modem Analog modem ISDN 56K 33.6K 128K Plan in Operation Transmission Rate (b/s) 9.6K GPRS UMTS Satellite 40M (Outdoor)30M (Indoor)156M Satellite 1.2G MMAC office home Source: SRI International 250 Mbs

13. How long does it take to download Cable WLAN 30 UMTS ADSL Fiber GSM PSTN GPRS ISDN bit/s Byte 1 0,0 1 30 3 2,5 0,4 0,2 130 secs mins 20 9,6 k 56 k 115 k 128 k 2 M 8 M 30 M 80 M 800 G Wireless wired secs msec nsecs 7 3,5 12 sec µsecs mins secs msecs days hours 3 12 hours6 mins42 3 k (EM)3 M (S/HRP)300 M (1hV) Live Video codecs starting with 32 kbit/s

14. Mobile access will dominate 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 1995200020052010 Subscriptions worldwide (millions) Mobile Internet subscriptions Mobile subscriptions Mobile Fixed Mobile Internet Fixed Internet Source: Siemens

15. Mobile Messaging Market SMSC/MMSC Supplier Revenues [€m], worldwide Source: UBS Warburg, 01/02 SMSC: Short Messaging Service Center MMSC: Multimedia Messaging Service Center

16. Mobile Devices’ Market Source: Dataquest and UBS Warburg

17. Source: Siemens Mobile and Internet Penetration in Western European Countries (YE 2000) (Fixed) Internet Penetration (in %) Mobile Penetration (in %) 0%10%20%30%40% CH FIN SWE GRE POR ITA AUT NOR LUX NL SPA IRL FRA BEL GER UK DK 50% 60% 70% 80% 40%

18. 3. Evolution of mobile technologies – general picture 100 Information Rate (Mbit/s) Vehicular 2G GSM 0.1 110 FWA (Fixed Wireless Access) Mobility Fixed Pedestrian Portable Cordless DECT UMTS FDD Deployment 2000-2006 Large Area coverage up to 384 kbit/s GPRS EDGE 2.5G Bluetooth Future Deployment Pedestrian- portable up to 20Mbit/s BRAN, Hyperaccess BWA UMTS TDD Indoor up to 2 Mbit/s Beyond 3G MMAC Wireless LAN Hyper an 2, IEEE 802.11a/b

19. 4. IP Mobility 4.1. GPRS General Packet Radio Services (GPRS) is a packet-based wireless communication service that provides data rates from 56 up to 114 Kbps and continuous connection to the Internet for mobile phone and computer users.

20. GPRS Main Features-1 1. GPRS is based on Global System for Mobile (GSM) communication and supports Internet Protocol Evolution of 2G to 3G for data transmission protocols

21. 2. GPRS will complement existing services such circuit-switched cellular phone connections and the Short Message Service (SMS). 3. GPRS will also complement Bluetooth, a standard for replacing wired connections between home devices with wireless radio connections. 4. In addition to the Internet Protocol (IP), GPRS supports X.25, a packet- based protocol. GPRS is an evolutionary step toward Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE) and Universal Mobile Telephone Service (UMTS). GPRS Main Features-2

22. EDGE is a new radio interface that employs a combination of new coding schemes, new modulation, and the ability to dynamically choose the best possible combination of coding scheme and modulation, based on instantaneous error rates. Total maximum theoretical throughput of EDGE is 470Kbits/sec.

23. GPRS Network (1)

24. GPRS Network (2) SGSN – Serving GPRS Support Node SGSN – Gateway GPRS Support Node

25. GPRS Architecture MSC - Mobile Switching Center BSC – Base Station Controller SGSN – Serving GPRS Support Node SGSN – Gateway GPRS Support Node

26. GSM-based 2.5/3G network fragment referred to GPRS architecture - 1

27. GSM-based all-IP network fragment referred to UMTS architecture

28. GPRS Applications General-purpose IP networking WAP-based applications Services (using mobile handheld devices as well as notebook computers): Video conferences Interactive communications with MM Web sites Time frame GPRS won't roll out instantaneously around the world. Many GSM carriers start trials by the end of 2000 and continued in 2001/02, but only small portion of their provide total coverage areas. May be on 2003 users can roam on a widespread basis.

29. 4.2 Mobile IPv6 Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) is a protocol developed as a subset of Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) to support mobile connections. MIPv6 is an update of the IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) Mobile IP standard (RFC 2002) designed to authenticate mobile devices (known as mobile nodes) using IPv6 addresses. Traditional IP routing (IPv4): IP addresses represent a topology. Each node's IP address identifies the network link where the node is connected. If a mobile device is disconnected from the own Internet and want to reconnect through a other (visiting) network, user have to configure the device with a new IP address IP mobility is the add-on feature and the vast majority of IPv6 nodes do not support MoIP MIPv6 allows a mobile node to maintain connections transparently while moving from one subnet to another. Each device is identified by its home address although it may be connecting to through another network. When connecting through a foreign network, a mobile device sends its location information to a home agent, which intercepts packets, intended for the device and tunnels them to the current location.

30. 4.2.1. IPv4 and IPv6 (General view) IPv4 Header

31. Source IP address Destination IP address Traffic class (8) Flow label (20) Payload length (16) Next header (8) Hope limit (8) IPv4 and IPv6 headers Source IP address Destination IP address 0310 1 2 3 4 6 5 1 2 6 10 V (4)

32. 4.2.2. Main advantages of IPv6 vs. IPv4 Scalability (Extended address space [128 bits]) Security (Authentication and security – Next header field capability) Mobility (Destination and routing options - Next header field capability) QoS (Differentiated services, incl. RT operations - Flow label field capability)

33. Need for IP access PERSONAL DEVICES Mobile phone LT PC PDA MP3 MP Web browser Digital camera VEHICLES Car Boat Train Airplane HOME ELECTRONICS PC TV set Micro oven Set-top box Video player Bluetooth devices AUTOMATION Alarm systems Heating Electricity Remote monitoring In the near future, many devices will require their own Internet address

34. 4.2.3_1. Mobile Internet Scenario for IPv4 (RFC 2002)

35. 4.2.3_2. Mobile Internet Scenario for IPv6 (an update of RFC 2002) ER

36. 4.4. Main Definitions of Mobile IP Binding The association/mapping between the mobile node's home address and a care-of address Care-of Address A temporary IP address associated with a mobile node while visiting a foreign network (see Appendix 2 for details) Correspondent Node A node that is communicating with the mobile node (for example, a WWW server) Home Address A static IP address assigned to the mobile node in the home network

37. Home Agent A router on the mobile node's home network with which the mobile node has registered its current care-of address. The mobile node's home address is associated with the home agent Mobile Node A terminal that can change its point of attachment in the IP network. A mobile node can be reached via its static home address

38. The benefits of Mobile IPv6 compared to Mobile IPv4 include: The huge address space of IPv6 makes Mobile IPv6 deployment more straightforward IPv6 address autoconfiguration simplifies the care- of address assignment for the mobile node. It also eases the address management in a large network infrastructure Optimized routing: Mobile IPv6 avoids so-called triangular routing

39. 5. Example: i-mode - Shift Strategy to 3G Open standards Java IMT 2000 (3G) Feb. 1999 Fall, 1999 Fall, 2000 Spring, 2001 i-mode launch Home- page e-mail Pictures Video Music Games Colored LCD Winter, 1999 Source: NTT DoCoMo, Siemens Increasing bandwidth Mobile TV Video Telephone Video Conference

40. Example: i-mode – subscriber and information site evolution Number of subscribers raised from 0 to 5.6 million within one year Number of sites increased to 7.000 sites within one year Success in mobile data is driven by open access Source: Goldman Sachs, ING Barings, Communications International

41. Appendix 1 Care-of address The care-of address is a temporary IP address for a mobile node (mobile device) that enables message delivery when the device is connecting from somewhere other than its home network. The care-of address identifies a mobile node's current point of attachment to the Internet and makes it possible to connect from a different location without changing the device's home address (permanent IP address) – like the postal system. When a mobile device is away from its home network, it is assigned a care-of address. Mobile IP registers the care-of address with a home agent, which resides on the home network. When a message for the mobile node is delivered to the home network, the home agent intercepts the message and tunnels it to the recipient at the care-of address.

42. Appendix 2 ABBREVIATIONS-1 2G Second Generation Mobile Telecommunications (including GSM and GPRS technologies) 3G Third Generation Mobile Telecommunications (including WCDMA/UMTS technology) BG Border Gateway CN Correspondent Node CoA Care-of Address DHCPv6 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 DNS Domain Name System ER Edge Router FA Foreign Agent GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node GPRS General Packet Radio Service GTP GPRS Tunneling Protocol

43. ABBREVIATIONS-2 HA Home Agent HLR Home Location Register ICMP(v6) Internet Control Message Protocol (for IPv6) IETF Internet Engineering Task Force IPsec IP security IPv4 Internet Protocol, version 4 IPv6 Internet Protocol, version 6 ISP Internet Service Provider MN Mobile Node MT Mobile Terminal PLMN Public Land Mobile Network RFC Request For Comments (a specification by IETF)

44. ABBREVIATIONS-3 SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System WAP Wireless Application Protocol WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access WLAN Wireless LAN WWW World Wide Web