1. Geoinformation: Markets and Business Opportunities Two Cases Andrew U. Frank Geoinfo TU Vienna frank@geoinfo.tuwien.ac.at

2. Sept 10, 1998 GIS PlaNET 1998 2 Key Experience: Comparing AM/FM with GIS in mid ‘80s: success reports for AM/FM hopeful projects with GIS Why?

3. Sept 10, 1998 GIS PlaNET 1998 3 Why is a Technology Successful? Technologist push what is technologically feasible. Success stories: Fax, www GIS did not grow as quickly, despite enormous potential for use. Consider: Social demand! Do we respond to demands?

4. Sept 10, 1998 GIS PlaNET 1998 4 My approach to GIS Initially: concern for the limited natural resources. I hoped GIS would help to a better world. Folk theorem: More information leads to better decisions. I still believe in rationality, even in politics.

5. Sept 10, 1998 GIS PlaNET 1998 5 GIS Today: - successful in day to day management of administrative data - modestly successful in support for planning Rapid growth, but not commensurate with potential.

6. Sept 10, 1998 GIS PlaNET 1998 6 Potential of Geoinformation 80% of all decisions have a spatial component Wherever we can measure the contribution of GI, we find improvement around 20% Potential (long term): 16% GNP (this is about the same than the whole health sector)

7. Sept 10, 1998 GIS PlaNET 1998 7 Two Cases: Consider two areas, where GIS technology has not developed its full potential GI used in Political Decisions Small GI in a mass market

8. Sept 10, 1998 GIS PlaNET 1998 8 GI used in Political Decisions Substantial potential, but seldom used. Exceptions: -Political campaigns, - redistricting Why not more use for decision making.

9. Sept 10, 1998 GIS PlaNET 1998 9 Reasons for the lack of use of GIS in political decision making A technologist answer: Politicians are not interested. A practical answer: GIS are too complex to be used. Improvements of user interfaces are necessary! Neither of the two are sufficient answers.

10. Sept 10, 1998 GIS PlaNET 1998 10 Does the GIS provide the Information Politicians need? Politicians focus on - changes - decide on actions to change situation to improve - concentrate on situation affecting the population Similar question can be asked for other potential users.

11. Sept 10, 1998 GIS PlaNET 1998 11 What Information Produces a GIS Detailed information about current state. Static Information often related to land cover (data from remote sensing). Limited information on social parameters.

12. Sept 10, 1998 GIS PlaNET 1998 12 Case: European Agricultural Politics Known: current situation Required: a new policy to - reduce cost to EU - improve environment - balance social situation Possible actions: change rules for subsidies Eminently a “GIS” type problem.

13. Sept 10, 1998 GIS PlaNET 1998 13 What is Required? Data about change. Integration of data from environment, agriculture and social system. Help to predict effects of rule changes. Models for processes. Methods to evaluate alternatives.

14. Sept 10, 1998 GIS PlaNET 1998 14 Data Quality Required Politically fiable Generalized data Rational chain of arguments to link observations to actions Examples from past for justification

15. Sept 10, 1998 GIS PlaNET 1998 15 Integrate Physical and Human Geography Data The issues are at the interaction of humans with the environment. The GIS must integrate the data from environmental sensors with the data from the administrative system. Technology: Seamless integration of raster and vector technology Interoperability of GIS of different agencies

16. Sept 10, 1998 GIS PlaNET 1998 16 Technology required for spatio-temporal data Change is crucial, To describe change a temporal database is required. Watchword: No GIS without time! (the requirement is similar for most administrative applications of GIS)

17. Sept 10, 1998 GIS PlaNET 1998 17 Technology required to Model Process Politicians decide about rules, not about states. (the same for urban planners). Process models connect the rules with the state and result in a model of the future state. This future state can be evaluated to assess the desirability of the new rule.

18. Sept 10, 1998 GIS PlaNET 1998 18 Limitation to Static Data is in the Logical Foundation First order predicate calculus is de rigor for CS. Base for Relational Data Model. Complex ‘temporal logics.

19. Sept 10, 1998 GIS PlaNET 1998 19 Higher Order Languages In first order languages functions, which are the model of process and change, are not generalizable f (a) is first order, but not for all f where f (a) = b is f (b) = a

20. Sept 10, 1998 GIS PlaNET 1998 20 Potential Solution Use second order calculus! For Technologists: - Functional programming language based on higher order languages merged with - Object-Oriented Technology

21. Sept 10, 1998 GIS PlaNET 1998 21 Haskell - a functional language with performance within a factor of 3... 7 to C++ - logically clean - spatial temporal databases using a temporal ER model (Chorochronos project)

22. Sept 10, 1998 GIS PlaNET 1998 22 Case 2: Routinely made decisions which need spatial input: Information for the use of public transportation systems Just one example of Small GI Car navigation systems would be another one.

23. Sept 10, 1998 GIS PlaNET 1998 23 Small GI An organization builds a GIS and produces (on demand) geographic information. This is packaged as a product and sold to a multitude of users – typically small fees for little information, but many times.

24. Sept 10, 1998 GIS PlaNET 1998 24 Improve Public Transportation Geographic Information helps with Door-to-Door Public Transportation People do not use the public transportation, because they do not know sufficiently about it to use it.

25. Sept 10, 1998 GIS PlaNET 1998 25 Motivation Using public transportation needs much information: Imagine yourself leaving the Vienna airport baggage claim area and you have a reservation at the Hotel Sacher in town next to the Opera.

26. Should I take the bus?

27. Should I take the train?

28. Or should I take an airport shuttle?

29. Let’s ask the Information desk: the bus is the fastest way to get to the city centre

30. Do I need local cash for the ticket?

31. The bus leaves

32. The bus arrives

33. From bus to underground: I follow the arrows

34. But I need a new ticket - which one?

35. Which stop to the Opera?

36. I leave at Karlsplatz - which exit?

37. Or this?

39. With some help and detours I get to:

40. Sept 10, 1998 GIS PlaNET 1998 40 Information needed A traveller needs a surprising amount of detailed information: Schedule Ticketing rules and fares (including how to operate vending machines) Where to board trains and busses Real-time information about when vehicles arrive and leave

41. Sept 10, 1998 GIS PlaNET 1998 41 Difficult and time consuming to collect trip takes a total of 70 minutes, of which 30 are used to collect information, make decisions, buying tickets. Consider also emotions: anxiety, fear of getting lost therefore : I take the taxi!

42. “Zum Hotel Sacher, bitte!”

43. Sept 10, 1998 GIS PlaNET 1998 43 Knowledge is available on the web

44. airport building

45. city map with location of Sacher

46. Sept 10, 1998 GIS PlaNET 1998 46 Information is not in a useful format The collection of the information from the web is a multi-step process, requiring more knowledge than what the traveller has, it is difficult to anticipate the exact information needs ticket prices are not always given exact arrival time is unknown

47. Sept 10, 1998 GIS PlaNET 1998 47 A future system: Integrated guidance for travellers The example here is for tourists, but comparable approaches can be used for regular users, e.g. commuters. There is extensive research for guidance of drivers of individual cars. Public transportation is the only way for the future of the city!

48. Sept 10, 1998 GIS PlaNET 1998 48 Preparation phase The reservation system has the information about the flight plan and the hotel reservation. A detailed information for the transfer to town is printed, which includes all tickets, schedules, instruction to change etc.

49. Sept 10, 1998 GIS PlaNET 1998 49 Guidance during trip: additional information which depends on exact arrival time etc. is delivered using GSM - SMS The traveller’s mobile phone senses location of traveller and gives location and time dependent information.

50. No question which mode of transportation

51. Sept 10, 1998 GIS PlaNET 1998 51 But clear info: Use Bus! Bus in 5 min zum Air-Terminal dann Umsteigen in U-Bahn Ankunft im Hotel: 16:40 >Alternative<>Ticket<

52. Not: Which ticket and how to pay?

53. Sept 10, 1998 GIS PlaNET 1998 53 But Ticket on the GSM phone Einfache Fahrt Flughafen Wien-Schwechat Karlsplatz 1 Person annulieren weiter

54. Sept 10, 1998 GIS PlaNET 1998 54 Path to the Bus: annulieren weiter Weg zum Airport-Bus

55. Sept 10, 1998 GIS PlaNET 1998 55 What to do with the luggage? Airport - Bus Gepäck in das offene Seitenfach stellen Bus durch Vordertüre betreten Ticket dem Fahrer zeigen annulieren weiter

56. The Bus

57. The Bus arrives

58. Sept 10, 1998 GIS PlaNET 1998 58 Change from Bus to Metro Umsteigen zur U-Bahn Folgen Sie dem blauen Schild mit weissem U Gepäck nicht vergessen ! U U weiter

59. Sept 10, 1998 GIS PlaNET 1998 59 weiter Durch das Hotel über die Strasse zur U-Bahn-Station U

61. Sept 10, 1998 GIS PlaNET 1998 61 weiter in der U-Bahn-Station die Treppe für U4 hinunter. Bahn auf der linken Seite

62. Not a second ticket machine!?

63. No question: where is the Opera ?

64. Sept 10, 1998 GIS PlaNET 1998 64 Go direction Hutteldorf U-Bahn U4 Richtung Hütteldorf bis 2. Station: Karlsplatz weiter

65. Sept 10, 1998 GIS PlaNET 1998 65... And a remainder to go off Aussteigen! Sie haben die Station Karlsplatz erreicht. Hier aussteigen und nach rechts zum Ausgang weiter

66. Sept 10, 1998 GIS PlaNET 1998 66 From the Metro to the Hotel weiter

67. Sept 10, 1998 GIS PlaNET 1998 67 weiter in der Untergrundpassage Richtung Oper

68. I know which way to go!

69. Sept 10, 1998 GIS PlaNET 1998 69 Ausgang “Kärntner- strasse“

70. Not this…

71. …but this exit

72. Sept 10, 1998 GIS PlaNET 1998 72 weiter

73. Effectively I arrive at the destination

74. Sept 10, 1998 GIS PlaNET 1998 74 Technology The technology is available: GSM - SMS GPS Tickets over the web, Tickets on the mobile phone

75. Sept 10, 1998 GIS PlaNET 1998 75 The data The data is (mostly) available: Schedule Fares (not always) Town and road maps Real-time position of vehicles Integration is the problem!

76. Sept 10, 1998 GIS PlaNET 1998 76 Missing: integration A user interface issue: Build a single interface with minimal input needs from the traveller. Components in the system must exchange data. Anticipate needs of traveller. Use profile of declared preferences of traveller.

77. Sept 10, 1998 GIS PlaNET 1998 77 Business model: The value of the information provided is the time saved; such a service can be included in a travel reservation system. It is either a billable item or a benefit a travel agent offers to his clients.

78. Sept 10, 1998 GIS PlaNET 1998 78 Generalisation: There are many similar applications of Geographic Information for particular users. They are characterised by: - small amount of GI used - small value (1-5 $) - many users Potential for new uses of geographic information with direct benefit to the citizen!

79. Sept 10, 1998 GIS PlaNET 1998 79 Two types of GI projects Large GIS - a complex organisation maintains a GIS for its internal use Small GI - a service provider “sells” GI for specific purposes Small GI fits better in the concept of ‘lean government’ and market orientation.

80. Sept 10, 1998 GIS PlaNET 1998 80 Many applications for Spatial Information: Scheduling for Out-Patients in Hospitals Routing for service vehicles, community cabs etc.

81. Sept 10, 1998 GIS PlaNET 1998 81 Conclusion 1: Geographic Information Product - GIP 1. Start with potential user and the decision which must be taken. 2. Consider the information required for the decision. 3. Create an information product to satisfy this need. 4. Find technical solution to produce the GIP.

82. Sept 10, 1998 GIS PlaNET 1998 82 Conclusion 2: Technology required to satisfy the need of Politicians: - spatio-temporal database - integration of physical and social science data - construction of spatial process models - interoperability

83. Sept 10, 1998 GIS PlaNET 1998 83 Conclusion 3: Markets There are limited, not growing markets for data. Growth is in Geographic Information Products, made on demand to serve very well defined problems. Problems: Pricing according to value produced for the client (not related to production cost). Must read: Varian & Shapiro – Network Economy

84. Sept 10, 1998 GIS PlaNET 1998 84 Conclusion 4: Research Issues Semantic integration of data from different sources using models of common processes Assess Data Quality from data through process to decision