1. Fiji Australia Business Council Forum – 2008 “Business Tomorrow”

2. Global Labour Migration & Fiji’s Brain Drain Max Underhill Maxumise Group 1 st December 2008

3. What to cover! The questions posed for this segment of the forum: –Will skilled people keep migrating from Fiji or will they come back? –What about the most recent surges in the migration of semi-skilled workers? –Labour migration issues not unique to Fiji –Talent management dominates conferences; how do we get the right people and how do we get them to stay?

4. Introduction What impact will the global economic crisis have on Fiji? Do not know – but what we do know however is that the global crisis has shifted the focus, in a number of international organisations, onto better HCM approaches and technology for more efficiency gains in areas that they have not focussed on before – Fiji’s have to compete in this environment.

5. What is the solution? At this point I could simply say “Brain Drain” has been with us for many years it is likely to stay so learn to live with it and get on with managing what we have in smarter ways! However it may be better for me to define what is brain drain and what impact it has and continues to have both globally and on Fiji.

6. What is “Brain Drain” A large emigration of individuals with technical skills or competence normally due to: –Conflict –Lack of opportunity/opportunity differential –Political instability –Health risks Brain drain is common amongst developing nations where marketable skills or competence is not financially rewarded as well as more developed countries. Wikipedia

7. Why leave “home”? Several legitimate political or economic reasons: –peace and security for himself and his family –job satisfaction –better pay and conditions –a higher standard of living, etc. Throughout history, countries and centres of academic excellence which offer these attractions have received the largest numbers of professional migrants and these have, in turn, made substantial contributions, not only to the economic growth of their host countries, but also to the scientific and technological advancement of humanity. Australian medical research, genetic engineering are examples. What have some of our Fiji citizens achieved overseas?

8. Brain Drain / Gain Brain drain often regarded as an economic cost: –emigrants are seen as taking with them the value of their training which was often sponsored by the government Converse phenomenon is brain gain –large-scale immigration of technically qualified persons: Can be where economy of scale is so large it is insignificant e.g. Asian to Australia

9. New Zealand Brain Exchange 1990s –30,000 New Zealanders were emigrating each year (0.75%) 2005 –24.2% of New Zealanders with a tertiary education were living outside of New Zealand 2007 –24,000 New Zealanders settled in Australia (0.6%) –Student loans are cited as a major reason –Graduates using higher foreign salaries to pay off their debts. New Zealand also enjoys immigration of qualified foreigners, potentially leaving a net gain of skills – Pacific, Asia etc

10. Young New Zealanders leave in great numbers to experience the wider world. Many return, but some stay overseas, giving rise periodically to concern that the country is losing its best and brightest. With the introduction of a student loans scheme, many graduates left to earn more money and repay their loans more quickly. The government was initially reluctant to admit that the outflow was anything more than had been happening for years but, as this cartoon shows, it eventually acknowledged that the loans scheme was contributing to a ‘brain drain’. www.teara.govt.nz www.teara.govt.nz

11. Measuring the Brain Drain Brain Drain can actually be measured: The degree of openness of the sending countries (measured by the average emigration rate) The schooling gap (measured by the education level of emigrants compared with locals/natives) The World Bank Economic Review Advance Access originally published online on June 13, 2007 The World Bank Economic Review 2007 21(2):193-218; doi:10.1093/wber/lhm008

12. Features of Brain Drain Strong in small countries close to major OECD countries Share colonial links with OECD countries Countries with quality-selective immigration programs attract immigrants Is this a unique problem to Fiji?

13. Assessing the Impact More than a decade ago, US presidential candidate Ross Perot talked about the "giant sucking sound" made as American jobs went south of the border. These days, it is a phenomena that effects the whole world. –Highly skilled people leaving developing countries and heading to the developed world. The worldwide scale of this "brain drain" is staggering. Is emigration Fiji is experiencing just a part of this world phenomena! Reassessing the Impacts of Brain Drain on Developing Countries By Dhananjayan Sriskandarajah Institute for Public Policy Research August 2005

14. That “sucking sound” is Global – we live in a mobile world

15. Future Outlook 2009: –Is this “sucking sound” still getting louder? –Will the demand now diminish? Global economic crisis Recession Job cuts Terrorism …… The movement will be in all directions and largely unpredictable

16. Expatriate Trends Expatriates returning to Australia due to crisis - the last month a large placement agency for IT Industry Executives received zero placements and 15 returning citizens looking for work! June 08 an Australia Gov Authority went on a worldwide search for 32 qualified Engineers “any degree - qualified engineer” including Fiji they were only able to attract 28 engineers. Returning Fiji citizens - again hard to quantify but we know it is increasing however as the numbers in the following graph show potential employees monitor the opportunities in Fiji and have done so since 2000.

17. Return to Fiji?

18. The Key Question What should be done? The intuitive response – try to plug the drain Stemming the flows seems to make sense –the departure of these key workers hurts the sending countries SO –reducing the scale of emigration should ease the pain Reassessing the Impacts of Brain Drain on Developing Countries By Dhananjayan Sriskandarajah Institute for Public Policy Research August 2005

19. Limiting Mobility May not be the most efficient or humane way to tackle the problem - "compassionate racism" The notion of "brain drain" as a bad thing needs to be carefully thought through. Curbing the rights to mobility limits development We need to devise measures that recognize that greater mobility, not less mobility, is likely to be the most sustainable & efficient response over the long term

20. Domestic Gain in Fiji The prospect of being able to emigrate increases incentives to acquire education. In other words, even in the presence of a brain drain, the average education level of those who remain may be higher than it would have been without migration Are all the people that we have put through tertiary education system being utilised efficiently?

21. When questioned about increased levels of emigration from New Zealand to Australia, Muldoon responded that these migrants "raised the average IQ of both countries"

22. Positive Spin-offs for Fiji Acknowledging and accounting for the positive spin-offs from emigration is an important first step other than lifting the standard: –Some of those who migrate return, often with greater competence and ability to contribute –In some cases, those who leave have been underemployed in Fiji, so their departure may not actually result in a huge loss to the sending country –In other cases, the departure of skilled workers clearly leaves a gap we need to address

23. Net Impact on Fiji Other impacts of migration –remittances –inward investment –technology transfer –increased trade flows –charitable activities of diaspora communities The net impact may actually be positive

24. Control is not the answer, management is! While I am not suggesting there are or should be policies that restrict emigration there policies that have some impact: –the policy stance should not undermine the pressures for, greater human mobility or discriminate Brain drain may aggravate the shortage of skilled workers in some sectors –However emigration may not be the fundamental reason for actual or anticipated shortages Increasing wages, improving working conditions, and providing employment opportunities may be a better approach than restricting mobility “Fiji” being the country of choice first and then being the employer of choice may be Fiji’s answer. No different to attracting investors

25. Brain Strain “Brain drain” vs. "brain strain" –Brain Strain is where the net outflow of workers from a particular sector is actually hampering or is very likely to hamper economic development or the pursuit of important socioeconomic goals. –Poor planning does not count!

26. Is Fiji suffering Brain Strain? It is possible to identify where brain strain may be occurring but it needs to be carefully analysed – remove the emotions Fiji as a developing countries with high rates of emigration is particularly vulnerable In Fiji the sheer volume of emigration suggests that any possible positive effects may be outweighed by negative impacts on economic dynamism & the delivery of key public services Is Fiji suffering from Brain Strain? (vs Brain Drain)

27. THE BURNING QUESTION IS THEN HOW DO WE MANAGE AROUND THIS BRAIN DRAIN PHENOMENA Brain Drain is a fact of life in Fiji as it is in any developing country but this is not necessarily all bad for Fiji!

28. Attracting them back to Fiji I am not going to repeat or try to address all the causes of people leaving BUT I do want to address: Giving people the opportunity to return and Improving the general management of our workforce as larger gains can be made here than the emigration losses which will also assist in attracting people back to Fiji

29. Are People looking for opportunities in Fiji?

30. When is Turnover a Concern? Too small – there is inadequate new blood Too large the cost is excessive Need to get a balance Need to consider where in the organisation the losses are occurring

31. The Cost of Turnover While it is OK to have between 6% and 13% turnover; it obviously matters where in the organisation this turnover occurs – if all from key areas in the business then it falls into the concern zone. A retail business has close to 100% turnover – No not everyone turns over but the ave. cashiers turn over is between 1.5 to 2 times a year Turnover cost varies between 50% and 150% of the salary in normal circumstance (much higher in a dispute situation 200% +): –Recruitment costs –Training and retraining –Labour withdrawal –Quality drop/sabotage

32. We therefore need to get Smarter in the way we “specify” and manage our people It is about making Fiji workplace more attractive and more efficient so we can reward better and retain more people.

33. Matching process: Recruitment and Selection Competency assessment Succession Planning Talent management Role Management Matching - HR Asset Performance Management Reward Development Acquiring the right asset Maintaining the asset Managing Our People Better – Start with a Specification

34. What are your people assets worth?

35. What is the cost of not developing your people?

36. Role Design Incumbent Emma H.Difference Size5.714.72-21.0% Salary$43,320$31,341-38.2% Specification/ RequirementsDelivered Power (hp)3527.65 RoI (%)20%12%

37. Understanding your “People Power” BandSalaryDiff BandDiff $'s Ideal8.23$120,513“Power”“Value” Joe Hillsborough7.94$107,353-3.65%-12.26% Fred Nirks7.32$83,229-12.43%-44.80% Harry McLaren7.19$78,743-14.46%-53.05%

38. Appointee Reward & Development

39. New Generation Organisations 1.Organisations worldwide are getting flatter and more focussed on their core business or purpose. 2.This is forcing organisations into smarter utilisation of resources in particular technology and people. 3.Higher proportion of more competent people, less lower level competence people.

40. MANAGING OUR PEOPLE BETTER WILL ALLOW US TO MANAGE WITHIN THE BRAIN DRAIN AND BE AWARE OF THE BRAIN STRAIN Brain Drain is a fact of life in Fiji as it is in any developing country but this is not necessarily all bad for Fiji!

41. The Bottom-line of Emigration Mobility is part of the world we live in The cost is one we will have to shoulder The net effects is not necessarily all bad Without it would be like having low turnover we stagnate Tertiary education institutions have an influence. Brain strain needs to be planned for largely by Government. Improve the workplace and improve retention and return

43. Thank you for this opportunity

44. Know your Business & Who you Need?

45. The smaller economies need to be smarter in how they manage their human capital! COMPANY’S STRATEGIC DIRECTION + ORGANISATIONAL CAPABILITIES & PERFORMANCE FRAMEWORK COMPETENCIES THE PEOPLE DRIVERS + = ORGANISATIONAL AND HR PROGRAMS Training & Development Recruitment & Selection Career & Succession Planning Remuneration & Reward Structure, Work Practices & Job Design Administration Procedures & Contracts PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT

46. Fiji Australia Business Council Forum – 2008 “Business Tomorrow”