1. The Collapse of Communism in Europe

2. Some points to note … The Soviet Union from 1953 to 1985 Problems faced by Mikhail Gorbachev Glasnost and Perestroika Reasons for Gorbachev’s failure The end of the Soviet empire

3. The Soviet Union from 1953 to 1985 Leadership after Joseph Stalin: –Nikita Khrushchev –Leonid Brehznev –Yuri Andropov –Konstantin Chernenko –Mikhail Gorbachev

4. Joseph Stalin’s Legacy Soviet Union was modernised Agriculture and industry in line with the western powers Great cost: 20 million dead Few consumer goods

5. Nikita Khrushchev Relaxed the tight control of the government over the people Tried to introduce reforms to improve food production but failed Tried to give people more say in how agriculture and industry should be run

6. Nikita Khrushchev Efforts came to naught as his reforms were not supported by Communist Party members Sacked and replaced by Leonid Brehznev in 1964

7. Leonid Brehznev Hard-line communist who reversed Khrushchev’s reforms His efforts also came to naught An interesting blame tactic …

8. Brehznev’s Blame Tactic “lack of skilled labour, alcoholism, absenteeism, and lack of effort on the part of civil servants who man the vast organization which tries to plan the economy” - What is Brehznev trying to say?

9. Yuri Andropov Head of the KGB Effectively ran the country while Brehznev was ill Became leader in 1982 Died in 1984 after falling ill

10. Konstantin Chernenko Succeeded Yuri Andropov in 1984 Died in 1985 after falling ill…

13. The Situation for Gorbachev Became the leader of a state that had seen little effective government in almost a decade… Russia was seriously …

14. The Situation for Gorbachev The Problems facing Gorby: –The Soviet system of government –The lack of consumer goods –The burden of Eastern Europe –Black Market –Failure of Khrushchev’s agricultural reforms –Mismanaged finances

15. The Situation for Gorbachev The Soviet system of government –Belief in equality and fairness –Loss of faith by the people –Corruption in the government –Double standards

16. The Situation for Gorbachev The lack of consumer goods –Comparison with the West –Lack of western-style consumer goods –Demand for western-style consumer goods –Cost of consumer goods

21. The Situation for Gorbachev The burden of Eastern Europe –Head of the Warsaw Pact –Duty towards the Eastern European Communist nations –Drained USSR’s finances –Lost confidence of the Russian people

22. The Situation for Gorbachev Black Market –High price of consumer goods –In 1985, the black market’s value was estimated to be at 7 billion roubles –This meant that the Soviet government was losing 7 billion roubles in revenue

26. The Situation for Gorbachev Failure of Khrushchev’s agricultural reforms –Khrushchev introduced new systems to grow more grain –However, transport infrastructure was not up to mark and many crops rotted before they could arrive in cities –Russia had to import grain to feed its people

27. The Situation for Gorbachev Mismanaged finances –Not wealthy enough to play superpower –Spent too much money competing with the USA –Arms race, space race –Support to Cuba, Eastern Europe –Afghanistan War –Goods were not up to mark for export

32. Gorbachev’s Slogans Perestroika –Changing the economy of the Soviet Union Glasnost –Having more openness in the Soviet economy

33. Gorbachev’s Slogans Perestroika –End command economy and replace it with demand economy –End state monopolies and introduce competition –1987 – measures introduced to allow market forces to become part of the state’s economic policies

34. Gorbachev’s Slogans Perestroika –End state monopolies and subsidized prices –Reduction on arms spending –Disarmament treaty in 1987 with the USA –In 1988, EE communist governments were responsible for their own policies –Cut Red Army help to the EE countries

35. Gorbachev’s Slogans Glasnost –More openness to allow people to have faith in the government –End corruption –Inform Soviets about decisions made by the government –Free elections held in 1990 for the first time

36. Gorbachev’s Slogans Glasnost –Dissidents (people who criticize the government) were not persecuted –The KGB’s powers were restricted and eventually abolished –The Lubyanka prison was closed –Western ideas and music were allowed –1 st McDonalds opened in Russia –Restrictions lifted on the Russian Orthodox Church