1. Population of the Earth: 1450-1750 Growth, Decimation, and Relocation From Experiencing World History (Ch. 14) by Adams et. al.

2. Introduction  2 phenomena:  increase in Eurasian population  expansion across world oceans  Population expansion in  Eurasia  China  Russia  Old World diseases travel to New World  How do we know?

3. The Atlantic Crossings: Frontiers by Sea  First population change came from commercial goals that spread diseases  Small group of investors sent small # of sailors  Gaunche of the Canary Islands  Virgin soil epidemics  African slave trade

4. The Columbian Exchange  Columbus’ voyage - - > biological invasion  90% of native Americans died during 1 st century of contact with Europeans & Africans  No crowd diseases  No animal diseases

5. The Columbian Exchange  Columbian Exchange: concept historians use to explain what happened when Western civ. reached into the Atlantic and the Americas  Plants, animals, diseases, insects, pests, weeds, people  Transform society and ecosystem of the Americas  1493 influenza  Brutal Spanish men  1518 Smallpox (brought by West African slaves; spread from Newfoundland to Brazil)

7. Plantation Complex  1550 - plantations were in operation  Many killed by  Disease  Violence  Slavery  Reduced fertility  Increase in suicides, infanticides  Overgrazing  Demographic void by natives filled by Africans  African diseases: yellow fever, deadly malaria

8. African Migration  In 1600, the Caribbean had @ 80,000 persons compares to 6,000,000 in 1492  High African/European/Native American mortality  Mixed-parentage descendents became acclimated to the conditions ( mestizos )  95 % of Africans go to the Caribbean & South America; 5% go to North America

10. Other Population Retreats  Sub-Saharan Africa - - > new crops increased population; slave trade decreased population (slave ships, warfare) = no population growth  Australia/Pacific Oceania - - > late 1700s; decimated by disease  Asians exported as indentured servants

12. Population Revolutions: Impacts on China  China  Population gains - - > inadequate food supply  16 th C. epidemics  Ming unity and peace - - > population increase  New American foods (maize, peanut, sweet potato)  E. 1600s 1/3 of population lost  Climate change  Political disintegration  1700 population triples  Early marriage  Reduction in death rates  Climate shifts  Improved hygiene  Use of herbal drugs

13. Population Revolutions: Impacts on Europe  Population stability in 1650s  Unlike China  Family system – late marriages  Resisted introduction on American foods  1475-1620 - - > 50% population gain  Urbanization  Agricultural Revolution - - > more livestock feed; increased soil fertility; cultivation  Increased need to agriculture labor  Introduction of corn & potatoes  Lower infant death rate

14. Asia  India:  cooling trend - - > reduced participation  Diseases  Agriculture and trade  Southeast Asia  Comparatively low growth b/c of fertility  Women restricted third children  Warfare  Japan  Cooling trend  Decreased warfare