1. Temperature and Flow Dynamics of the Klamath River Technical Memorandum 7 Leon Basdekas Mike Deas Watercourse Engineering, Inc 424 2 nd Street, Suite B Davis CA 95616

2. Modeling Domain Klamath River reaches represented by the global modeling framework and the current area from Iron Gate Dam to Turwar

3. Modeling Tools The Research Management Associates (RMA) models were chosen for their ability to accurately simulate flow and transport in steep rivers. Flow is represented with RMA-2, a finite element hydrodynamic model capable of modeling highly dynamic flow regimes in short space- and time-steps. Output includes velocity, depth, and representative surface and bed areas which are passed to the water quality model RMA-11. RMA-11 is a finite element water quality model simulating temperature as well as the fate and transport of a wide range of physical, chemical, and biological constituents. These two linked river models are applied on hourly or sub- hourly time steps to capture the short-term response of state variables such as temperature. For this application, the RMA models are applied in one-dimension, representing variations along the longitudinal axis of the river.

4. Modifications Based on Prior Recommendations The RMA-11 code has been modified to allow for a bed conductance term in the heat budget consistent with Cole and Wells (2002) in response to a recommendation by USGS (Risley and Rounds, 2006); however, the model was generally insensitive to this change. Boundary conditions for minor tributaries below Iron Gate have been refined based on work by USGS (Flint and Flint 2005). Coincident with these updates, the model calibration has been updated and the new results are presented here.

5. Klamath River, Iron Gate Dam to Turwar Reach Geometry Summary Node spacing150 meters Number of nodes 2082 nodes in length Length190.54 miles from RM 0.00-190.54 ElevationsRange:0-671 meters WidthsRange:17-340 meters Side slopes1:1 Data sourcesUTM coordinates from CH2M HILL; Elevations estimated from USGS topographic maps Notesn/a

6. Calibration and Validation Sites Along the Klamath River Location Approximate River Mile Distance Between Locations Klamath River below Iron Gate Dam190.540.0 Klamath River above Shasta River177.5213.02 Klamath River above Scott River143.8633.66 Klamath River at Seiad Valley129.0414.82 Klamath River above Clear Creek99.0430 Klamath River at Orleans57.5841.46 Klamath River above Trinity River43.3314.25 Klamath River at Martins Ferry39.53.83 Klamath River at Turwar5.2834.22 *Locations are associated with the river models RMA-2 and RMA-11

7. Summary Statistics for All Years in the Refined Calibration and the Updated Validation: 2001-2004 (All Values in °C) LocationMean BiasMAERMSE Klamath River below Iron Gate Dam-0.710.991.21 Klamath River above Shasta River-0.241.301.56 Klamath River above Scott River0.141.211.44 Klamath River at Seiad Valley0.581.011.23 Klamath River above Clear Creek0.481.161.37 Klamath River at Orleans0.321.001.23 Klamath River above Trinity River-0.010.911.12 Klamath River at Martins Ferry0.040.560.70 Klamath River at Turwar0.651.131.46 average0.141.031.26 maximum0.651.301.56 minimum-0.710.560.70

8. Annual Runoff: 2000

9. Seasonal Flow: 2000 Winter Spring Summer Fall

10. Annual Flow: 2001

11. Seasonal Flow: 2001 Winter Spring Summer Fall

12. Time Series of Hourly Water Temperature for the Klamath River at RM 150, Above Scott River RM 150 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0Jan30Feb 29Mar 30Apr 29May 29Jun 28Jul 28Aug 27Sep 26Oct 26Nov 25Dec 24 Day Temperature ( ° C)

13. Longitudinal Profile of Daily Maximum, Mean, and Minimum Water Temperatures in the Klamath River for February 15

14. Longitudinal Profile Plan View

15. Longitudinal Profile of the Klamath River on May 1

16. Longitudinal Profile of the Klamath River on June 1

17. Travel Time on the Klamath River on May 1 Shasta River Salmon River Scott River Trinity River RM 147.37 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 5152535455565758595105115125135145155165175185 River Mile Hours MeanNode

18. Travel time on the Klamath River on June 1 RM 153.31 Shasta River Salmon River Scott River Trinity River 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 5152535455565758595105115125135145155165175185 River Mile Hours MeanNode

19. Travel time on the Klamath River on September 1

20. Six Proposed Mainstem Reaches for the Klamath River Coho Life-Cycle Model

21. Conclusions Flow and temperature model has been refined, calibrated and validated. Model performance is good and the tool is ready for specific applications. The river experiences variability longitudinally and seasonally Iron Gate Dam is limited in its ability to regulate temperature and flow throughout the entire lower Klamath River.