1. Foreign Legal Research II Foreign Legal Research II *Researching via Translation *Researching in a Civil Law Jurisdiction September 17, 2003

2. Foreign Law Review… In general Learn about jurisdiction before starting research Start with secondary sources Continue with legislation, cases, updates General online sources

3. Researching via Translation

4. The vernacular isn’t always English! Translation typically not an issue except when researching non-common law jurisdictions

5. Working with translations can be problematic… Legal concepts may not translate “Notario”  “notary public” Often out of date AND not often updated Can be difficult to locate Hide out as appendices to monographs, in periodicals, looseleaf pamphlets, etc. Legislation is frequently translated; case law less frequently BUT stare decisis only an issue in common law jurisdictions, which generally publish in English

6. Finding Translation Sources Reynolds & Flores Compilations of laws “X” Laws of the World Commercial Laws of Europe Doing Business in… Online Lexadin Foreign Primary Law on the Web WorldLII/WorldLaw General web search International Legal Materials (“ILM”) International Encyclopedia of Laws

7. Which is the best translation? Official translation Even if it’s official, it’s not authoritative! Legal translator Respected publisher Always note source and date of translation in your work!

8. Other options… Bilingual law dictionary Hire a translator Get local counsel

9. Researching in a Civil Law Jurisdiction

10. Common Law Review… Common law jurisdiction “Precedent” is main source of law Adheres to stare decisis Start with a recent edition of a major treatise Then find supporting primary authority Use digests and other finding aids

11. Sources of Civil Law Legislation Constitution Codes Intended to set forth the complete primary substantive law in a relational format Basic: Civil, Civil Procedure, Criminal, Criminal Procedure, Commercial Civil Code trumps –Relationships among persons –Inheritance and succession –Property –Obligations Other: Labor, Intellectual Property, Judicial, etc.

12. Sources of Civil Law Laws or decrees Laws: enacted by legislature Decrees: enacted by executive (president) Regulations “Delegated” or “subsidiary” legislation Find legislation in one or more of… Individually published codes or laws Compilations or official codifications Session law publications Foreign official gazettes (FOGs) –Foreign Government Gazettes OnlineForeign Government Gazettes Online

13. Sources of Civil Law Jurisprudence Case law (not legal philosophy) Judges apply, do not interpret, law Cases decided on individual basis, binding only as to parties No stare decisis Some jurisdictions have limited form of precedent, based on strict conditions In some jurisdictions, stare decisis prohibited by statute Doesn’t mean jurisprudence is not important Published opinions usually look very different from typical common law opinions

14. Sources of Civil Law Doctrine Secondary source, but not like common law May be cited to court Treatises on broad subjects, monographs on specific subjects, journal articles “Old and respected” carries more weight than “new and untried”

15. Need to go further than the national level? Depends… BlueBook can provide clues!

16. Civil Law Research Tips Review a tertiary source before you begin research Start with a “true” secondary source in English, if possible Not all that many Do subject search, limit to English If not, try Google (!)…anything to get an idea (in English) of what you’re looking for But if you can’t find it, don’t stress

17. Civil Law Research Tips Otherwise, go straight to the Codes/laws Use R&F or a research guide to pinpoint which Code, etc. covers your subject Try to find an authoritative compilation, or separately published code. Use session laws, if necessary. Use the official gazette only as a last resort Look for case law, but don’t stress

18. Research Problem A Due Friday, September 26, before Library closes (midnight) Turn in research log and partial memo Hand in assignments at the Reference Desk

19. Practice problems…

20. Let’s try it… Your client has business concerns in Spain. He is represented by local counsel in Madrid, who is overseeing a civil contracts case that is set to go to trial there. The local attorney keeps saying that additional counsel must be hired, as he cannot represent anyone before a Spanish court. You don’t quite understand this, so you need to research Spanish procedural law to find out if a solicitor/barrister arrangement exists in Spain.

21. Let’s try it… Your client is an anthropology professor at X University. He is currently running a clinic in Namibia for students around the world to do field work in ethnological studies. One of his students from Belgium has recently learned that he is being investigated by Belgian authorities for statutory rape. The professor wants to help him, and so asks you what is the age limit for statutory rape in Belgium.

22. Let’s try it… Your client is an American businessman living in Rome. He is building a villa there, and contracted for extensive stonework with a local masonry company. He signed a contract for 53,000 euros (about $50,000). The masons are about half done with the work. The company representative now says that the clerk added wrong and so under- calculated the bid by 500 euros. Your client doesn’t want to pay the additional amount. Under Italian law, is there any way to avoid liability for the additional amount under the contract?

23. Let’s try it… Your client’s parents are Danish, still living in Denmark. Her father recently passed away, leaving no will and no living beneficiaries. Your client wants to make sure that, under Danish law, her mother will inherit the entirety of his estate.

24. Let’s try it… Your client calls you from a jail cell in Canada. She says she was driving back to Michigan from a trip to Toronto she was stopped by police. The officers told her she was being stopped in connection with an armed robbery. They read her some rights from a card, then drove her to the police station and put her in a holding cell. She demanded to speak to an attorney. They told her that first they had some questions for her, and they began to interrogate her. She refused to answer until she could speak to you, her counsel.

25. Ready for Research Problem A… Understand your research assignment before you start Keeping a research log You must turn it in with your memo! Whatever format best suits your style Writing a research memo Synthesis Brevity Don’t agonize