1. Life Structure and Classification
What are living things like?
Any living thing is an organism
Organisms
: are organized
: grow and develop
: respond
: maintain homeostasis
:use energy
: reproduce

2. Organized All living organisms are composed of cells
Cells are smallest unit of life that carries on the function of life
Cells take in materials and use them in complex ways
Have orderly structure and instruction for transfer of heriditary material

3. Living Things grow and Develope
Single cell organisms increase cell size
Multi-celled organisms grow by increasing number of cells
Changes that take place during lifetime is known as development
Figure 2 shows examples of development
Life span is the length of time an organism is expected to live

4. Living things Respond Living things interact with their surroundings
Anything that causes change in an organism is a stimulus and the reaction to that is a response
Organisms must respond to stimuli to carry on daily activity and to survive

5. Maintain Homeostasis
Inside cells they must respond to stimuli within (water or food levels within)
Cells internally make adjustments
This regulation of an organism’s internal life maintaining conditions that is in response to it’s environment is called homeostasis

6. Living things use energy
All energy for cells originates from the sun
Plants use sun directly to produce energy (photosynthesis) where H2O + CO2 produces C6H12O6 (carbohydrates) and O2
Animals and some other organisms take in carbohydrates and oxygen to produce its energy
Some bacteria deep in dark ocean floors use stored energy in chemical compounds to make food

7. Living things must reproduce
In order for an organism to continue to its own kind it must be able to reproduce itself

8. What do living things need to survive
Place to live
Needs water
Water transport minerals within and between cells
Water is released by organisms and homeostasis is maintained
Needs food source
Animals need to take in food, where plants produce their own food
Organisms die and are decomposed by
other organisms that are reused again

9. How are living things classified section 2
Carolus Linnaeus
Developed a system of organizing organisms by similar structure in system called Binomial Nomenclature.
Used Scientific Names rather than common names
Modern classification use structure, hereditary information and early stages of development

10. Binomial Nomenclature
Two word naming system (latin names)
First word is the genus name (contain similar species)
Second word is the species name
Can describe a feature, place or honor an individual
Ambystoma tigrinum (salamander named because of tiger stripes)
Organisms of same species can reproduce amongst themselves

11. Scientific Names Why they are important
Help avoid confusion with common names
Organisms with similar evolutionary histories are group together
Gives descriptive information about species (tiger salamander)
It is organized efficiently

12. Classification Order Organisms are classified in following order:
Kingdom
Phylum (Division in plants)
Class
Order
Family
Genus
species

13. Modern Classification
Today scientist use phylogeny to classify organisms
Uses fossils, evolutionary history and changes over time to classify
Smallest group is a species
Broadest group is Kingdom
Figure 6 in book classifies a brottle nosed dolphin

14. Tools for Identifying Organisms
Field guides and dichotomous keys aide to identify organisms
Dichotomous key (use 2 characteristics that you choose between that leads to identification of organisms)
The key will lead to genus-species final name of organism

15. Cell Structure section 3
Viewing cell structure
First developed by using two magnifying glasses together to see larger view of cells
Leeuwenhoek (Dutch) saw inside cells (1600’s) called them beasties

16. Development of Cell Theory
Hooke in 1665 sliced a piece of cork and saw empty space he called cells
1830 Scheiden used a microscope to study plant parts and called them cells
Schwann observed animal cells
Both men combined their ideas and were convinced all living things are made of cells
Mid 1800’s Virchow proposed that cells divide and every cell comes from a cell that already existed

17. Cell Theory table 2 (page 221)
All Cells are made up of one or more cells
Cells are the basic unit of organization in organism
All Cells come from pre-existing cells

18. Cell organization
Scientists divide cells that have a membrane bound structure and those that don’t
Cells without a membrane are called prokaryote cells
Cells with a membrane around the cell are called eukaryote cells
Each cell performs specific functions but all cells must take in nutrients, store, produce and breakdown substances, take in and use energy
Structure of cells perform certain functions

19. Cell Wall
Tough rigid outer coverings that protect cells and give them shape
Found in all plants, algae, fungi and most bacteria
Plants cell wall contain mostly cellulose (carbohydrate) and allows water and nutrients in and out
Pectin (found in plant cell walls) is glue-like structure that has thick structure (jams and jellies)
Lignin (makes cell walls rigid) found mostly in plant cells that aide in supporting plants

20. Cell Membrane All cells contain a cell membrane
It is the outermost covering of cells unless they have a cell wall
Regulates interactions between cells and environment
Allows nutrients to move in and wastes to leave cell

21. Cytoplasm Gell-like substance inside cell membrane is called cytoplasm
Life processes take place here
Prokaryote cells cytoplasm contains the hereditary material
All organelles are located here
Cytoskeleton found in cytoplasm is made of proteins that help cell change shape, enable some cells to move

22. Manufacture of Proteins in Cells
Every cell activity involves proteins
Proteins are part of cell membrane and are part of all chemical reactions in cell
Ribosomes produce protein in cells
Found in cytoplasm
Get their instruction from hereditary material that tells them how, when and in what order to make specific proteins

23. Membrane-bound Organelles
Organelles are structure in cytoplasm that carry out life functions in cells
Found in cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells
Nucleus is largest organelle
Ribosomes are not membrane bound but are considered an organelle

24. Organelles that produce Energy
Chloroplasts: (organelle found in plants)
Contain chylorophyll (green pigments) that captures sunlight to make sugars called glucose
Captured light energy is stored in glucose as chemical energy where plants utilizes glucose to carry out life functions in cells

25. Organelles that produce Energy
Organelle that releases energy is Mitochondria Food (glucose and carbohydrates) is broken down into CO2 and H2O and releases energy Sometimes called the powerhouse organelle because it provides the energy for cells All plants and animal cells have these

26. Organelles that process, transport and store materials
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) takes up considerable amount of space that process and move materials around cell like a conveyor belt
Rough ER contains ribosomes where protein is made and moved in cell
Smooth ER process lipids and oils that store energy

27. Organelles that process, transport and store materials
After proteins is made they are transferred to Golgi bodies where they are packaged and moved to areas of cells in vesicles
Materials are also moved to outer membrane for release outside of cell
Vacuoles also are organelles that store water, waste products, food and other cell materials

28. Organelles that Recycle
Lysosomes are structures that break down food molecules, cell waste, worn- out cell parts and viruses
Chemicals released from lysosomes break down food and dead cells
These chemicals are contained in lysosomes and when a cell dies, the chemicals are released and break down the dead cell

29. Many Celled Organisms
Many celled organisms rely of other cells to perform all life functions
Tissue is a group of similar cells that work together to do one job
Tissues are organized into organs.
Organs are a group of tissues that work together to perform a function (heart..nerve, blood and cardic muscle tissue)
Group of organs working together perform a certain function is an organ system
Organ systems work together to make up many celled organisms (heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries)

30. Viruses section 4 Viruses causes many diseases
Viruses are non-living strands of hereditary material surrounded by a protein coat
Do not have nucleus, other organelles or a cell membrane
Viruses rely on host cells to live inside (living cells)
Have two kinds of viruses: Active and Latent

31. Active Viruses
Occurs when virus enters host cell and immediately begins to make new viruses
Destroys the host cells when it makes new viruses
Virus uses host cell to duplicate its hereditary material and later releases duplicated virus and kills host cell when they are released
Figure 17 page 232

32. Latent Viruses
Some viruses enter host cell and remain inactive for a period of time
Does not immediately cause the host cell to duplicate new virus
At a later time it may begin to duplicate and release new viruses that kill the host cell
AIDS, cold sores are examples

33. How do viruses affect organisms
Viruses attach specific cells that match host cells
Many times viruses only attach to certain host cells (potato leafroll)
Some viruses can affect numerous organisms (rabies)
Viruses are moved by wind and inhaled where they attach
Figure 18 page 233

34. Treating/Preventing Viral Diseases
Treatment difficult because antibiotics do not kill viruses
Prevention is best method of avoiding viral infections (eliminate mosquito to fight yellow fever)

35. Natural Immunity
Human bodies fight viral infections by making interferons
Interferons are proteins that make a protective covering for cells that are infected (produced by healthy cells to protect affected cells)

36. Vaccines
Vaccines are weakened viruses that can’t enter host cells and duplicate, but cells begin to make interferons that protect all cells from infection
Measles, mumps, small pox, chicken pox, polio, and rabies
Found vaccine by taking weakened cow pox cells and entering them into healthy people to prevent small pox (1786) Jenner

37. Virus Research
AIDS is a disease that is caused by human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV)
AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)
The HIV virus weakens the immune system and body can’t fight infections like pneumonia, TB
People usually die from weakened system rather than disease