1. The Chinese Civil War
Outcomes –
Nationalist or Communist?

2. CCP – Chinese Communist Party
The Two Sides
Led by Chiang Kai-shek
Backed by the United States
Led by Mao Zedong
U.S. opposed Mao
Backed by the Soviet Union
Nationalists
KMT - Kuomintang
Communists
CCP – Chinese Communist Party

3. The Long March
90,000 Chinese began
7,000 Chinese finished
Feeling threatened, Chiang launched a massive campaign against the Communist army
Outnumbered, Communists begin to flee
Result: The communist party is left strengthened in spirit and the will prevail against the nationalists

4. Traveled 6,000 miles from Southeast China to Northwest Province of Shaanxi
The Long March 1934

5. Anti-Japanese War ( )
In 1937, Japan attacks and captures China’s capital city at the time, Nanjing.
Massacre of Nanjing (Rape of Nanjing)

6. Temporary Cooperation
Communist Party (Mao Zedong) and Nationalist Party (Chaing Kai-Shek) work together
1. To rid China of European Imperialists (“Foreign Devils”)
2. To fight back against invasions by Japan ( )  Once Japan surrenders to the Allied Powers at the end of WWII this alliance ends
CCP was strategically placing themselves in position to work along side the Nationalist Party
Gain power from within

7. Japanese Soldiers March into Nanjing December 9, 1937

8. Japanese Soldiers March into Nanjing December 9, 1937

9. Japanese Invasions

10. Japanese Bayonet Practice

11. Public beheadings of Chinese criminals and than displayed to the public

12. Outcome Japan is defeated in WWII 1945
Communists and Nationalists are cooperating, but keeping watch on each other
1945
Mao’s communist forces held most of northern China
Nationalists retained southern China

13. Civil War (1946 – 1949) KMT: Kuomintang (Nationalist Party)
Chiang Kai-shek (President)
CCP: Chinese Communist Party
Mao Zedong

14. Communist Advantages Strong resolve after the Long March
Low morale
Soldiers under-paid and under-fed
Corruption in Chiang’s officials
Strong resolve after the Long March
Highly disciplined armies
Had control of most major cities
Nationalists
Communists

15. “War of Liberation”

16. Mao Zedong A revolution to remove “3 big mountains” imperialism
feudalism
bureaucrat-capitalism
A “United Front” of …
workers
peasants

17. Communist victory October 10, 1949 – Communists take Beijing
Mao announces the creation of the People’s Republic of China in Tiananmen Square
The KMT retreats to Taiwan
Sets up a government-in-exile there, but vows to take back the mainland

18. Reasons for Mao’s Victory
Won support of huge peasant population by promising land and food
Won support of women by promising to reject traditional beliefs of Confucius
Many people across the country blamed the Nationalists for allowing the “foreign devils” to dominate in China

19. New Communist Order Communists wrote a new Constitution
National People’s Congress
Free elections
Democratic rights
China became a one party dictatorship and totalitarian state
Communist members had important jobs and controlled government and economy
Critics were silenced by the People’s Liberation Army (PLA)
On paper…
In reality…

20. The Communist PARTY
Marx, Lenin, Stalin, Castro, and MAO

21. Mao’s Leadership - Propaganda
Let us follow closely Chairman Mao in the storm!
Chairman Mao is the red sun of our hearts.

22. Propaganda Chairman Mao will be with us forever.
Read Chairman Mao's works, listen Chairman Mao's words, Obey to Chairman Mao's orders.
Chairman Mao will be with us forever.

23. Mao’s Goals for the Communist Revolution
Promised a better life for the poor
Called for development of a modern economy
Pledged to restore China’s position as a major world power

24. Obstacles to these goals
Needed to be fed, clothed, housed, and educated
Years of war destroyed many industries and disrupted farming
Huge population
Limited land to produce food
Floods, earthquakes, droughts
Geography
China lacked technology and capital to industrialize quickly
Modernization?
Isolation from the world community

25. Communists’ Solutions
Destroy old class system to build a strong economy
Wanted means of production to be in central government’s control instead of landowners
Hoped to end inequality and increase production
If this happened, goods could be sold to invest in industry

26. Reorganizing Agriculture
Land Reform
Communists took land from large landowners and divided it among landless families
1950’s – End of private ownership of land altogether
Collective farms were formed
Farmers worked for the state and got a share of the harvest – the rest went to the government

27. The Great Leap Forward - 1958
Effort to achieve modernization through one “Great Leap Forward”
Divided China into Communes
Villages, land, and thousands of people
To mobilize the people to build bridges, dams, irrigation systems, etc.
To increase food output

28. Life in the Commune Commune controlled the land and peasants’ lives
Families split up
Men and women slept in separate dorms
Ate in large dining halls
Jobs assigned to each worker
Workers provided with food, clothing, housing, medical care, child care, schooling, and recreation

32. Outcomes of the Great Leap Forward
Peasants resisted the communes and sometimes even destroyed crops
Failure
Food production fell
Farm workers were unskilled at building projects
Many didn’t work very hard because they were guaranteed a living
Floods, droughts, and famine

33. Cultural Revolution
Many blamed Mao for the failure of the GLF
Led to power struggle in communist party
Because Mao was concerned with rival groups…
Launched the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution

34. Methods of the Cultural Revolution
Urged young people to root out followers of capitalism (really any critic of Mao)
The Red Guards
Young factory workers
Held rallies to support Mao
Traveled around China attacking those who did not fully support Mao
The Little Red Book
Quotations from Chairman Mao
Citizens punished for not carrying it
People were forced to confess to “crimes” against Mao
Sent to labor camps in distant rural areas

35. Effects of the Cultural Revolution
Chaos
Schools closed
Production slowed
Many tortured or killed
Disruption of lives
Loss of faith in Mao and Communist party
1969-Chinese army restored order
Sent many Red Guards to rural work camps