1. Medieval Music
Copyright 2010

2. Introduction Medium Aevum – Middle Ages
Began after the fall of the Roman Empire
A period of stagnation and great change
Events and ideas from the Medieval period became the foundation of our modern institutions (Roman Catholic Church, universities and schools, guilds)

3. Political Situation Rulers Tribes Charlemagne
Warring invaders and Royal Dynasties

4. Feudalism
A system of political organization that governed everyone’s role in society
Nobility, Clergy and Peasants
A series of contracts between the nobles (seigneurials)

6. Peasants
Free (craftsmen)
Servile (agricultural)
Slaves

7. Roman Catholic Church Clergy were the 2nd rank in feudalism
Two branches: Eastern and Western
Roman Pope (Western) had great influence
System of laws, courts and properties
Influence spread by the monastic system

9. Crusades 7 major crusades Pilgrimages to the Holy Land
Pope Urban II
- Trade

10. Black Death 14th century Form of bubonic plague Originated in China
Average life expectancy in the 20’s

11. Inquisition Adherence to the doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church
Established in 1231

12. The Arts Literature England France Germany Italy Beowulf
Chaucer – Canterbury Tales
Sir Thomas Malory – La Mort d’Arthur
France
Troubadours
Trouvères
Germany
Nibelungenlied
Italy
Dante – Divine Comedy
Petrarch - Canzoniere
Chaucer
Canterbury Tales
Dante
Divine Comedy

13. Theatre
Liturgical Drama
Miracle and Mystery Plays
Morality Play

14. Architecture Romanesque (1000 to 1250) Stone vaulted buildings Domes
Castles: moat, drawbridge, keep

15. Gothic (1140 to 1400)
Ribbed Vault
Flying buttresses

16. Visual Arts Stain Glass Frescoes Illuminated Manuscripts Metalwork
Tapestries
Painting
Sculpture

21. Music in the Medieval Period
Sacred Tradition
Plainchant
Monophonic vocal music of the church
Pope Gregory
About 3,000 extant
Sung as solo, unison or antiphonal
Non-metric, modal, in Latin
Based on modes: Dorian, Phrygian, Lydian, Mixolydian

22. Pope Gregory

23. Mass Kyrie eleison Lord have mercy upon us
Ite, missa est
Latin Texts: Proper and Ordinary
Ordinary
Kyrie
Kyrie eleison Lord have mercy upon us
Christe eleison Christ have mercy upon us

24. Gloria
Gloria in excelsis deo, et in terra pax hominibus bonae voluntatis Laudamus te. Benedicimus te. Adoramus te. Glorificamus te. Gratias agimus tibi propter magnam gloriam tuam. Domine Deus, Rex caelestis, Deus Pater omnipotens. Domine fili unigenite, Jesu Christe. Domine Deus, Agnus Dei, Filius patris. Qui tollis peccata mundi, miserere nobis. Qui tollis peccata mundi suscipe deprecationem nostram. Qui sedes ad dexteram patris miserere nobis. Quoniam tu solus sanctus. Tu solus Dominus. Tu solus Altissimus, Jesu Christe. Cum Sancto Spiritu in gloria Dei Patris. Amen.
Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace to people of good will. We praise you. We bless you. We adore you. We glorify you. We give thanks to you for your great glory. Lord God, Heavenly King, God Almighty Father. Lord Only-begotten Son, Jesus Christ. Lord God, Lamb of God, Son of the Father. You who take away the sins of the world have mercy on us. You who take away the sins of the world hear our prayer. You who sit at the Father's right hand, have mercy on us. For you alone are holy. You alone, Lord. You alone the Most High, Jesus Christ. With the Holy Spirit in the glory of God the Father. Amen.

25. Credo
Credo in unum Deum, Patrem omnipotentem, factorem coeli et terrae, visibilium omnium et invisibilium. Et in unum Dominum Jesum Christum, Filium Dei unigenitum. Et ex Patre natum ante omnia saecula. Deum de Deo, lumen de lumine, Deum verum de Deo vero. Genitum, not factum, consubstantialem Patri: per quem omnia facta sunt. Qui propter nos homines, et propter nostram salutem descendit de coelis. Et incarnatus est de Spiritu Sancto ex Maria Virgine: ET HOMO FACTUS EST. Crucifixus etiam pro nobis; sub Pontio Pilato passus, et sepultus est. Et resurrexit tertia die, secundum Scripturas. Et ascendit in coelum: sedet ad desteram Patris. Et iterum venturus est com gloria judicare vivos et mortuos. cujus regni non erit finis. Et in Spiritum Sanctum, Dominum et vivificantem: qui ex Patre Filioque procedit. Qui cum Patre, et Filio simul adoratur et conglorificatur: qui locutus est per Prophetas. Et unam, sanctam, catholicam et apostolicam Ecclesiam. Confiteor unum baptisma in remissionem peccatorum. Et exspecto resurrectionem mortuorum. Et vitam ventura saeculi. Amen.
I believe in one God, The Father Almighty, Maker of heaven and earth, and of all things visible and invisible. And in one Lord, Jesus Christ, the Only-begotten Son of God. Born of the Father before all ages. God of God, Light of Light, true God of true God. Begotten, not made, of one substance with the Father. By whom all things were made. Who for us men and for our salvation came down from heaven. (here all present kneel) And became incarnate by the Holy Spirit of the Virgin Mary: AND WAS MADE MAN. (here all arise) He was also crucified for us, suffered under Pontius Pilate, and was buried. And on the third day He rose again according to the Scriptures. He ascended into heaven and sits at the right hand of the Father. He will come again in glory to judge the living and the dead and His kingdom will have no end. And in the Holy Spirit, the Lord and Giver of life, Who proceeds from the Father and the Son. Who together with the Father and the Son is adored and glorified, and who spoke through the prophets. And one holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church. I confess one baptism for the forgiveness of sins and I await the resurrection of the dead and the life + of the world to come. Amen.

26. Sanctus
Sanctus, Sanctus, Sanctus, Dominus Deus Sabaoth. Pleni sunt coeli et terra gloria tua. Hosanna in excelsis. Benedictus qui venit in nomine Domini. Hosanna in excelsis.
Holy, Holy, Holy Lord God of Hosts. Heaven and earth are filled with your glory. Hosanna in the highest. Blessed is He Who comes in the Name of the Lord. Hosanna in the highest

27. Agnus Dei, qui tolis peccata mundi,
misere nobis. Agnus Dei, qui tollis peccata mundi, misere nobis. Agnus Dei, qui tollis peccata mundi,
dona nobis pacem.
Lamb of God, Who take away the sins of the world, have mercy on us. Lamb of God, Who take away the sins of the world, have mercy on us. Lamb of God, Who take away the sins of the world, grant us peace.

28. Polyphony
Evolved from 10th to 11th century
Organum
Cantus firmus

29. Notation Oral tradition As amounts of chants grew, notation needed
Neumes

31. Two lines: one red for F, one yellow for C
11th century – Guido of Arezzo
Ut queant laxis
Resonare fileris
Mira gestorum
Famuli tuorum
Solve polutte
Labi reaturm

32. 12th century – four lines
13th century – mensural
16th century

33. Composers
Anonymous
Hildegard von Bingen ( )
O frondens virga

34. Notre Dame School Perotin (c. 1160-1240)
Leonin (c )
Introduced definite rhythm patterns to chants
Perotin (c )
Student of Leonin
First to compose music based on chants with more than two voices

35. Guillaume de Machaut (c. 1300-1377)
Agnus Dei
Agnus Dei, qui tolis peccata mundi,
misere nobis. Agnus Dei, qui tollis peccata mundi, misere nobis. Agnus Dei, qui tollis peccata mundi,
dona nobis pacem.
Lamb of God, Who take away the sins of the world, have mercy on us. Lamb of God, Who take away the sins of the world, have mercy on us. Lamb of God, Who take away the sins of the world, grant us peace.

36. Secular Tradition Court Music
Struggle with the church for power in influence
Musicians hired to entertain
Instrumental music most prominent
Estampie
Instrumental
Musician/poets: Troubadours, Trouvères
Minstrels and Jongleurs

37. Medieval Instruments String, Woodwind, Brass, Percussion, Keyboard
Soft (bas) or loud (haut) – Inside or outside
Families:
String:
Plucked: Lute, harp, psaltery
Bowed: Viele, rebec
Woodwind:
Bagpipe, shawm, crumhorn
Brass:
Slide trumpet, sackbut
Percussion:
Drums (tabors, nakers), cymbals, bells
Keyboard:
Portative organ, organ, hurdy-gurdy

38. String
Hurdy-gurdy
Viele
Lute
Psaltery

39. Woodwind
Bagpipe
Recorders
Pipe
Gemshorn
Krummhorn

40. Brass and Percussion
Sackbut
Bell Tree
Drum

41. Keyboard
Portative Organ
Organ 11th century France
Hurdy-gurdy

42. Composers of Secular Music
Ars Antiqua
Troubadour: Guillaume de Poitiers, Duke of Aquitaine
Trouvères: Richard the Lion Heart
Ars Nova
Philippe de Vitry ( )