2. Contents Problem Description Objectives Definitions Experimental Work Results and Discussion Conclusion Recommendation

3. The Problem Huge amounts of waste paper are produced from schools, universities, libraries, printing centers,...etc. Large amounts of waste LDPE produced from local industries. The non biodegradability of LDPE.

4. Objectives Reduce the amounts of waste paper and LDPE which pollute the environment. Improve the properties of both paper and Low Density Polyethylene such as modulus of elasticity, ductility and others. Enhance the biodegradability of LDPE.

5. Definitions Paper is a material composed of fibers that is converted to pulp and then to compact web, pressed and dried. Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) is a thermoplastic made from oil. It is a highly processable material which is unreactive at room temperature and has low density.

6. Cont… (Definitions) Whey: is a byproduct from dairy industry such as yoghurt and labaneh. Modulus of elasticity: is a measure of the material resistance to elastic deformation. Ductility: is the ability of material to withstand plastic deformation up to fracture.

7. Blending of paper and LDPE Recycling of paper Statistical study of waste amount Testing Experimental work AppearanceDensity Tensile test With paper as particles As composite sheets Using simple techniques Adding modifying agents Experimental Work Different products

8. Cont… (Experimental Work) Tensile test: This test was done by using Gunt Hamberg 310 WP apparatus, which was used to find modulus of elasticity and ductility as percentage of elongation.

9. Cont… (Experimental Work) Density: Was measured for the produced recycled paper by taking a small sample and measuring its mass to volume, this was done for three trials.

10. Cont… (Experimental Work) Appearance: Softness, shining, color and coherence were observed for the papers produced.

11. Recycling Process Collection of Waste Paper Paper Pulping Cleaning and Screening Water Final Product Drying Pressing Dirt Water Waste Water

12. Results & Discussion From the statistical study: 30 tons of waste paper are produced yearly at An-Najah National University. One ton of waste LDPE is produced from each 30 tons raw material in the local plastic industries.

13. Cont… (Results & Discussion) Recycled papers: The recovery of the produced recycled paper was in the range of (77-80) wt%. Density of the produced paper was equal to (277 Kg/m 3 ).

14. Cont… (Results & Discussion) Improvement of paper’s modulus of elasticity

15. Cont… (Results & Discussion) Paper and LDPE: Recycled paper has (436Mpa) modulus of elasticity higher than (262Mpa) for LDPE; this means that if these two materials mixed together, the new product will have better characteristics, as shown in the following figure.

16. Cont… (Results & Discussion)

17. Blending of paper and LDPE: Paper as particles As filler to LDPE, paper can be used up to 10% as weight percent as shown in the following figure:

18. Cont… (Results & Discussion)

19. The relationship between ductility and the paper percentage is shown in the following figure.

20. Cont… (Results & Discussion)

21. Paper as sheets: Paper and LDPE can be used as composite sheets of multiple layers which can be used in many important applications. For this case, the improvement of modulus of elasticity doesn’t depend on the percentage of paper only, but also on the sheets arrangement.

22. Cont… (Results & Discussion )

25. Applications The produced recycled paper has many types of applications such as cartons, toilet paper, egg cartons and boxes for packaging. Toilet Paper Carton

26. Cont… (Applications) Sheets of recycled paper/LDPE have a wide range of uses such as: Handling bags, packaging material, cartons or boxes for transportation of goods and it could be used as a construction material.

27. Related Studies Paper/LDPE composite sheetsCardboard composite panels Raw materialWaste paper and recycled LDPE Recycled cardboard, LDPE, aluminum sheets Product Recycled paper, composite sheets of the above two materials Composite panels Uses and applications Paper: Cartons, toilet paper, egg cartons and for packaging as boxes. Sheets: Handling bags, as construction material and in isolation systems. Furniture manufacture, flooring, roofing, dividing walls, and kitchen cabinets. Comparison with other previous study:

28. Cont… (Results & Discussion) Paper/LDPE composite sheetsCardboard composite panels Findings Paper could be used as filler to LDPE, also they could be used as composite sheets. This will improve the physical properties and increase the biodegradability of LDPE. composite cardboards overlaid with veneers could be considered as an alternative raw material with accepted properties to be used in furniture applications

29. Conclusion About 30 tons waste office paper is produced from An-Najah National University yearly. A recovery with a range of (77-80) % can be achieved from paper recycling. The density of the recycled paper produced was about (277 Kg/m 3 ).

30. Cont… (Conclusion) Modulus of elasticity has a 17.4% improvement, and other properties of recycled paper can be improved by the addition of some modifying agents such as whey.

31. Cont… (Conclusion) Paper can be used as filler to LDPE up to 10% as weight percent. Composite sheets of paper and LDPE can be used in many important applications.

32. Recommendation Starch can be used in the process of paper recycling to increase the absorbency of paper surface. The squeeze of waste fruits and vegetables may cause gelatinization of paper, and so give less absorbency of its surface.

33. Cont… (Recommendation) Heating of paper pulp during the recycling process facilitate the deinking and discoloring of paper. Carbonizing of waste paper can be done for many purposes such as a source of energy or to blend it with recycled LDPE.

34. Cont… (Recommendation) Waste paper could Also be used as thermal isolation material. Small particles of waste paper can be merged with LDPE in the extruder, but drying should be obtained before each process.

35. Cont… (Recommendation) Biodegradation of Waste paper produces methane gas which could be used as fuel. Further experiments with different values of temperature and pressing period of composite sheets may give wider range of better results.

36. Huge amounts of waste paper Huge amounts of waste LDPE Non Biodegrad- ability of LDPE Reduce amounts of waste Propereties improvment Increase biodegrade- bility of LDPE Problem Objectives Problem Objectives Solution Recycling of paper Using modifying agents Blending of Paper & LDPE