1. CHANGES IN SOCIETY

2. Changes in Society Great Grandparents idle hands Grandparents refresh from work Parents work to support their leisure/play Today’s young adults work hard and play hard Children/Grandchildren Play is the purpose of life

3. Urbanization Population movement Rural to Urban Drastic increase in the American Population Development of “Factory” towns Work Week Was 70 to 80 hours a week As a result of labor unions became 40 hours a week Decrease in child labor

4. Protestant Work Ethic The Industrial Revolution Entrenched the thought of work as good and leisure as evil Despite the use of Protestant Work Ethic Leisure and Recreation interests grew Work week reduced to 40 hours

5. Leisure Interests 1800’s Professional Sport Grew in popularity Wrestling Foot races Shooting events Horse races Sports Promotions emerged as a business Bare knuckle fighting evolved into boxing with gloves

6. Social Class Differences Baseball known as a working class sport Development of permanent baseball stadiums General Popular Pastimes Croquet Archery Lawn Tennis Women began participating in recreation activities during the 1800’s

7. Growth of Commercial Amusement Large Cities New forms of amusement/recreation developed Dance Halls Shooting galleries Bowling alleys Billiard parlors Beer gardens Red light districts

8. Recreation Movement Late 1800’s Education and improving intellectual cultivation became a civic concern. Development of free public libraries Recreation Movement Forms of leisure activity were provided in an organized manner State Parks were being developed Municipal Parks were being developed because of reckless development of urban growth

9. Playground Movement WHY? Wave of urbanization reaches its peak Population doubled -14 million to 30 million between 1880 & 1900 At the centuries end 28 cities had a population over 100,000 Social reformers called tenements buildings overcrowded, filthy, dark, with out of control crime Boston Sand Garden was the first playground in the country Designed specifically for children Piles of sand with some play equipment Monitored by citizens until 1887 when women were hired to monitor 1889 the city of Boston dedicated city money to add support

10. Pioneers of the Playground Movement Joseph Lee – Father of the playground movement Organized playgrounds in vacant lots Luther Halsey Gulick Instrumental in development of the Playground Association – 1906 Distinguished play from recreation Jane Addams Established the Hull House (a settlement house – middle class volunteers would live and share knowledge and culture with their poorer neighbors) in Chicago housing a model playground of the time

11. Styles of Playgrounds Traditional - consists of steel slides, seesaws, swings, merry-go rounds and climbing apparatus placed on dirt, asphalt or grass. Contemporary - Offer more stimulation, children can modify equipment to create new challenges, items such as tires, railroad ties, and cable spools are used to build wooden climbing platforms, ladders, tire nets, suspension bridges. Adventure - This playground style began in post-WW 2 Europe when children designed their own playgrounds out of sites of bombed out buildings. Modern - Today, designers are combining some elements of each of the playground styles to create a safer and more varied play environment that offer a developmental progression of challenges and skill building opportunities. Equipment is safe, reliability, easy to install, and manufactured in an array of colors and shapes. Soft contained play equipment playgrounds offer soft, pliable tunnels, climbers, slides and other moving components.

12. Late 20 th Century Family Structure – Between 1970 and 1997 the proportion of children in 2 parent families decreased from 85% to 68%. That decline was higher for African-American families. At the end of the 20 th century over 37% of all families lived below the poverty level

13. The number of people working has also grown over the past two decades as more women have entered the work force and as the number of single parent families increased. Baby boomers waited longer to have children and the number of children was smaller than in the past.

14. The number of Baby Boomers started moving into their senior years in 2011 and will be a population bulge for the next 20 years. These seniors are more active, have more money and live longer than older adults previously did.

15. Health Conditions – High numbers of overweight children and adults. Better healthcare Advanced medical technology Pharmaceutical advancements

16. Social Development – Violence diminishes the perceived freedom that people feel which changes human behavior Increased diversity in the U.S. with a larger number of immigrants

17. Values from the U.S. The U.S. is an Urban society with an Urban value system. Values of consumption and conspicuous display ex: buying products to show how wealthy one is, expecting campgrounds to have indoor plumbing, air conditioning and electricity

18. Work as a Value Although having a good time is an American tradition, few nations have exhibited more respect for the work ethic than the U.S. The 40 hour work week is the standard. However, with technology and commuting, those hours have extended. America ranks below most industrialized nations in the average number of vacations per year.

19. Values as a Basis for Change Sociologists refer to social and personal values as those beliefs and behaviors that an individual or a society deems important to its welfare. Every society develops a social value system As society changes when different groups develop (ex. Divorced population increased) and the value system is altered.

20. Recreation and Leisure Changes More than 70 federal agencies develop programs and policies that affect recreation and leisure behaviors or supervise and maintain recreation resources. Fish and Wildlife Service (regulatory) National Park Service (resource management)

21. The demand for recreation on a local level has extended to developing services and partnerships for older adults, childcare and after school programs for youth. Tourism has become a year round activity and have an economic impact on the local communities. Technology has influenced leisure and communication by providing instant entertainment.