1. SPORTS IN COLONIAL AMERICA

2. SPORTING ACTIVITIES IN THE NORTH AMERICAN EUROPEAN SETTLEMENTS FOLLOWED THE TRENDS OF THEIR BRITISH AND EUROPEAN COUNTERPARTS SPORTING ACTIVITIES IN THE NORTH AMERICAN EUROPEAN SETTLEMENTS FOLLOWED THE TRENDS OF THEIR BRITISH AND EUROPEAN COUNTERPARTS COLONISTS BROUGHT TO THE NEW WORLD MANY OF THE SPORTS TRADITIONS FROM THEIR PLACES OF ORIGIN COLONISTS BROUGHT TO THE NEW WORLD MANY OF THE SPORTS TRADITIONS FROM THEIR PLACES OF ORIGIN SPORTING ACTIVITIES DEVELOPED IN DIFFERENT WAYS, HOWEVER, ACCORDING TO REGION, CLASS AND DEGREE OF URBANIZATION SPORTING ACTIVITIES DEVELOPED IN DIFFERENT WAYS, HOWEVER, ACCORDING TO REGION, CLASS AND DEGREE OF URBANIZATION IN THE 18 TH CENTURY URBAN AREAS WITH SIGNIFICANT COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE ATLANTIC TRADE GENERATED A VENUE FOR COMMERCIAL SPORTS. IN THE 18 TH CENTURY URBAN AREAS WITH SIGNIFICANT COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE ATLANTIC TRADE GENERATED A VENUE FOR COMMERCIAL SPORTS.

3. SPORTS IN COLONIAL AMERICA ORIGINAL EUROPEAN SETTLERS IN THE CONTINENT PARTICIPATED IN SPORTING TRADITIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF RELIGIOUS CELEBRATIONS ORIGINAL EUROPEAN SETTLERS IN THE CONTINENT PARTICIPATED IN SPORTING TRADITIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF RELIGIOUS CELEBRATIONS SPORTING ACTIVITIES WERE CONSIDERED PART OF LEISURE TIME DURING THE SABBATH, ORGANIZED AND SUPERVISED BY RELIGIOUS AUTHORITIES SPORTING ACTIVITIES WERE CONSIDERED PART OF LEISURE TIME DURING THE SABBATH, ORGANIZED AND SUPERVISED BY RELIGIOUS AUTHORITIES AS THE COMPOSITION OF PROTESTANT, ESPECIALLY PURITAN, COMMUNITIES VARIED ACCORDING TO REGION, RESTRICTIONS TO PLAY AND PRACTICE SPORTS DURING SABBATH WERE ENFORCED IN DIFFERENT DEGREES AS THE COMPOSITION OF PROTESTANT, ESPECIALLY PURITAN, COMMUNITIES VARIED ACCORDING TO REGION, RESTRICTIONS TO PLAY AND PRACTICE SPORTS DURING SABBATH WERE ENFORCED IN DIFFERENT DEGREES

4. SPORTS IN COLONIAL AMERICA SECULARIZATION OF SPORTS IN COLONIAL AMERICA BECAME AN IMPORTANT DEVELOPMENT IN THE 18 TH CENTURY SECULARIZATION OF SPORTS IN COLONIAL AMERICA BECAME AN IMPORTANT DEVELOPMENT IN THE 18 TH CENTURY FOLLOWING EUROPEAN TRENDS, THE PROSPERITY OF URBAN TOWNS ORIENTED TOWARDS MERCANTILE ACTIVITIES GENERATED A POTENTIAL MARKET FOR LEISURE ACTIVITIES ORGANIZED FOR COMMERCIAL PROFIT, NAMELY BOXING AND HORSE RACING. FOLLOWING EUROPEAN TRENDS, THE PROSPERITY OF URBAN TOWNS ORIENTED TOWARDS MERCANTILE ACTIVITIES GENERATED A POTENTIAL MARKET FOR LEISURE ACTIVITIES ORGANIZED FOR COMMERCIAL PROFIT, NAMELY BOXING AND HORSE RACING.

5. SPORTS IN COLONIAL AMERICA REGIONAL DIFFERENCES (SOUTH-NORTH) REGIONAL DIFFERENCES (SOUTH-NORTH) SOUTHERN TRADITIONS: SOUTHERN TRADITIONS: HORSE RACES HORSE RACES PRIZE FIGHTING PRIZE FIGHTING COCKFIGHTING COCKFIGHTING HUNTING HUNTING SPORTS VERY POPULAR IN SOUTHERN AREAS, ASSOCIATED WITH MASCULINITY AND RACIAL PRIVILEGES SPORTS VERY POPULAR IN SOUTHERN AREAS, ASSOCIATED WITH MASCULINITY AND RACIAL PRIVILEGES WORK AND SERVITUDE WERE IDENTIFIED WITH BLACK SLAVES, LEISURE AND FREEDOM WITH WHITE COLONISTS WORK AND SERVITUDE WERE IDENTIFIED WITH BLACK SLAVES, LEISURE AND FREEDOM WITH WHITE COLONISTS

6. CLASS AND SPORTS IN THE SOUTH PLANTERS ASSOCIATED WITH RACE TRACKS, IMPORTATION OF HORSES AND IMITATION OF ENGLISH TRADITIONS PLANTERS ASSOCIATED WITH RACE TRACKS, IMPORTATION OF HORSES AND IMITATION OF ENGLISH TRADITIONS 18 TH CENTURY: NEW FENCED TRACKS THAT CHARGED FOR ADMISSION, JOCKEY CLUBS 18 TH CENTURY: NEW FENCED TRACKS THAT CHARGED FOR ADMISSION, JOCKEY CLUBS RACES BECAME WEEKLY EVENTS, VERY ORGANIZED (TIMING, WEIGHTS, COLORS) RACES BECAME WEEKLY EVENTS, VERY ORGANIZED (TIMING, WEIGHTS, COLORS) RACES BECAME SOCIAL EVENTS ON THEIR OWN. RACES BECAME SOCIAL EVENTS ON THEIR OWN.

7. FIST FIGHTS “EYE GOUGING” FREE STYLE, BARE FIST FIGHTS “EYE GOUGING” FREE STYLE, BARE FIST FIGHTS FIGHTERS FROM THE LOWER CLASSES FIGHTERS FROM THE LOWER CLASSES ASSOCIATED WITH GAMBLING AND DRINKING ASSOCIATED WITH GAMBLING AND DRINKING SPONTANEOUS AND/OR ORGANIZED (DUEL-LIKE EVENTS) SPONTANEOUS AND/OR ORGANIZED (DUEL-LIKE EVENTS) TAVERN OWNERS SPONSORS TAVERN OWNERS SPONSORS

8. SPORTS MEANINGS IN THE SOUTH SOURCE OF HONOR AND CLASS IDENTIFICATION SOURCE OF HONOR AND CLASS IDENTIFICATION GENTRY: AFFIRMATION OF “ENGLISHNESS” GENTRY: AFFIRMATION OF “ENGLISHNESS” LOWER CLASSES: RACIAL AND GENDER BOUNDARIES, WHITENESS AND MANHOOD LOWER CLASSES: RACIAL AND GENDER BOUNDARIES, WHITENESS AND MANHOOD

9. AFRICAN AMERICAN SPORTS PLANTATION ACTIVITIES: PLANTATION ACTIVITIES: COCKFIGHTING COCKFIGHTING WRESTLING WRESTLING RACES RACES OCCASIONALLY FIGHTERS AND HORSE HANDLERS/RIDERS OCCASIONALLY FIGHTERS AND HORSE HANDLERS/RIDERS

10. SPORTS IN THE NORTHERN COLONIES PURITAN WORK ETHIC PURITAN WORK ETHIC SABBATH RESTRICTIONS AGAINST GAMES SABBATH RESTRICTIONS AGAINST GAMES SPORTS SHOULD BE MODERATE AND RENEW MEN FOR WORK SPORTS SHOULD BE MODERATE AND RENEW MEN FOR WORK GENTRY CLUBS (FISHING, HUNTING, HORSE RACING) GENTRY CLUBS (FISHING, HUNTING, HORSE RACING) OTHER SPORTS: GOLF, LAWN BOWLING, SKATING OTHER SPORTS: GOLF, LAWN BOWLING, SKATING

11. COMMERCIAL SPORTS IN THE NORTH COCKFIGHTS COCKFIGHTS HORSE RACES HORSE RACES FIRST FENCED CIRCULAR TRACK IN NEW YORK 1736 FIRST FENCED CIRCULAR TRACK IN NEW YORK 1736 LOCAL TAVERNS AND SALOONS BECAME THE MAIN SPORTS PROMOTERS AND HOSTED COCKFIGHTS, DANCES AND BOXING MATCHES LOCAL TAVERNS AND SALOONS BECAME THE MAIN SPORTS PROMOTERS AND HOSTED COCKFIGHTS, DANCES AND BOXING MATCHES

12. SPORTS IN THE 18 TH CENTURY CLASS MARKED (GENTRY-ONLY CLUBS) CLASS MARKED (GENTRY-ONLY CLUBS) SPONSORED IN URBAN CENTERS BY LOCAL SALOONS, INNS, BARS, TAVERNS. SPONSORED IN URBAN CENTERS BY LOCAL SALOONS, INNS, BARS, TAVERNS. ORIENTED TOWARDS A CONSUMMER AND RECREATIONAL CULTURE NO LONGER ATTACHED TO RURAL WORK, CHURCH OR RELIGIOUS CALENDAR ORIENTED TOWARDS A CONSUMMER AND RECREATIONAL CULTURE NO LONGER ATTACHED TO RURAL WORK, CHURCH OR RELIGIOUS CALENDAR PRIZE FIGHTS AND HORSE RACES SEMI PROFESSIONAL PRIZE FIGHTS AND HORSE RACES SEMI PROFESSIONAL GAMBLING AND DRINKING GAMBLING AND DRINKING