1. AVIATION HISTORY
Lecture 1

2. Lesson Timeline 30 Credit hours per semester Week 1-8: Lecture
AVH 1103 – Aviation History
30 Credit hours per semester
Class Timetable: Tuesday 9.00 – a.m
Class duration: 2hrs 30 minutes/per week
Semester Timeline
Week 1-8: Lecture
Week 8-9: Mid term test & public Speaking
Week 10-14: Lecture
Week 15: Study Week
Week 16-17: Final Exam

3. Mid Term Test: 10% Public Speaking: 10% Assignment: 20%
Results
Mid Term Test: 10%
Public Speaking: 10%
Assignment: 20%
Final Exam: 60%
Total: 100%

4. Standard Grading Scale for University/College
Mark
Grade
Grade Points
(80–100) A
4.00
(75-79) A-
3.67
(70-74) B+
3.33
(65-69) B
3.00
(60-64) B-
2.67
(55-59) C+
2.33
(50-54) C
2.00
(45-49) C-
1.67
(40-44) D
1.00
(0-39) F
0.00

5. GPA Calculation Credit Hours Grade Grade Points 3 B (3.00) 9.00 4
12.00
Total Cr Hrs: 14
GPA
42/14=3.00

6. Synopsis of Aviation History Course
Appreciating history will motivate students to learn more about the industry.
The evolution of aviation throughout the last century has enable mankind to change the air transport industry tremendously into becoming the number one passenger transporter, overtaking the sea liners and trains.

7. Syllabus for AVH 1103 How men first stated to fly.
The Wright Brothers Journey.
Aircraft parts, forces acted on aircraft and how aircraft flies.
Aircraft engines (piston and jet).
Problem faced by aviators (flight environments).
Flight instruments.
Aircraft pressurization systems.
Types and uses of aircraft.
Jet fighter, Military aircraft, Supersonic Aircraft.
Commercial Airliners (Boeing and Airbus)
Space Exploration (introduction and benefits)

8. References
Lecturer slides and notes (will be distributed through )
Books
AMC Text Book
Flight: 100 Years of Aviation (AMC Library)
Internet:
Suggested Websites:

9. INTRODUCTION TO AVIATION

10. What is Aviation ??
By definition, aviation is the design, manufacture, use, or operation of aircraft - in which the term aircraft refers to any vehicle capable of flight.
Aviation is a combination of many opportunities.
A first thought of aviation might be of flying as a pilot in a commercial aircraft, but aviation is a global organization that also needs well organized managers to operate the aviation.
Aviation is a high-technology, rapidly changing, competitive business operating in a global arena.
Educated, professional managers are needed in many career areas in the aviation industry.
Transportation, economics and logistics, flight operations, and flight support are some of the many other positions that make up the exciting and challenging field of aviation. 10

11. Lighter-than-air vs. Heavier-than-air
Aircraft can either be lighter-than- air or heavier-than-air.
Lighter-than-air craft including balloons and airships
heavier-than-air craft including airplanes, gliders, helicopters.

12. Aircraft vs. Airplane
Aircraft is the more general term, and refers to any heavier-than-air craft
An airplane is a heavier-than-air craft that is propelled by an engine and uses fixed aerodynamic surfaces (i.e. wings) to generate lift.
So, every airplane is an aircraft, but not every aircraft is an airplane!
Gliders are aircraft that are not airplanes.
The Space Shuttle is definitely an aircraft, but it is not an airplane. It does not carry engines for propulsion.
Helicopters are also aircraft that are not airplanes because their aerodynamic surfaces are not fixed - they rotate.

13. Aircraft vs. Airplane 13

14. That dream and imagination is now reality.
Introduction
For centuries, man has dreamed of flying and soaring like an Eagle high above the world below. Men starting imagined how it must be to take to the air.
That dream and imagination is now reality.
In a short one hundred years, aviation technology was transformed from the often unreliable wooden, cloth- covered biplanes to supersonic jets and international airliners. What was it that provoked such rapid progress?

15. Aviation: From Dream to Reality
Man jumping with wings

16. WHY HUMAN CAN’T FLY LIKE A BIRD ??
Critical Thinking
WHY HUMAN CAN’T FLY LIKE A BIRD ??

17. The First Attempt

18. Aviation Pioneer
Aviators: Test Pilots, Racers, Barnstormers and Explorers
Louis Blériot [Blériot]
Glenn Curtiss [Curtiss]
Harry Hawker [Sopwith]
Bert Hinkler [AVRO]
Charles Lindbergh [Ryan]
Amelia Earhart [Lockheed]
Fathers of Aviation
George Cayley
Glenn Curtiss
Otto Lilienthal
Wilbur & Orville Wright
Major Manufacturers
Wright Bro. Company
Henry & Maurice Farman
Anthony Fokker
Geoffrey de Havilland

19. Chapter 1 The Early Attempts to Fly

20. Learning Objectives By end of this chapter students should be able to:
Communicate a creative and complete description of a person involved in the aviation history.
Write about pioneers throughout the history of flight who failed in their inventions but eventually became successful.

21. That dream and imagination is now reality.
Introduction
For centuries, man has dreamed of flying and soaring like an Eagle high above the world below. Men starting imagined how it must be to take to the air.
That dream and imagination is now reality.
In a short one hundred years, aviation technology was transformed from the often unreliable wooden, cloth- covered biplanes to supersonic jets and international airliners. What was it that provoked such rapid progress?

22. Aviation: From Dream to Reality
Man jumping with wings

23. WHY HUMAN CAN’T FLY LIKE A BIRD ??
Critical Thinking
WHY HUMAN CAN’T FLY LIKE A BIRD ??

24. First Attempts Legends of flight attempts date to 2000 B.C.
Many believed flying was for the mythical gods
Others tried to copy bird flight-unsuccessfully
Chinese invented kites about 1000 B.C.
17th century A.D. kites carried soldiers aloft
Leonardo da Vinci, 15th century Italian artist
First recorded scientific study of aeronautics
Experimented to prove feasibility of mechanical flight
Drew sketches and plans to construct flying machines

25. First Attempts, 1500
Leonardo da Vinci, scientist, architect, painter….
In 1500 he gathered data on the flight of birds ..and then drawings of flying machines with flapping wings.

26. Second Attempts at Flight
By 17th Century, ancient ideas inspired scientific theories and experiments.
Characteristics of the atmosphere and the discovery of gasses and properties led to lighter-than-air (balloon) experiments

27. Lighter-Than-Air Definition
Any craft which sustain their weight by displacing an equal weight of air. For example, balloons (also known as dirigibles or airships)
Their structure when filled with a sufficient volume of gas lighter than air (heated air, hydrogen, or helium), displaces the surrounding ambient air and make it floats.
They have a source of propulsion and can be controlled in all three axes of flight.
Balloons usually very large, and they were capable of relatively high speeds.

28. 1783: Montgolfier Brothers
Inventors of the first practical balloon
1782: discovered that heated air in a paper or fabric bag made the bag rise
1783: “flew” a sheep, a duck, and a rooster for 8 minutes
Louis XIV and Marie Antoinette were witnesses
November 1783: first human flight
However, balloon lack of directional control

29. WHAT DOES MAKE A HOT AIR BALLOON RISE IN THE AIR ??
Critical Thinking
WHAT DOES MAKE A HOT AIR BALLOON RISE IN THE AIR ??

30. Balloons Application
US first used balloons for military purposes during the Civil War.
After the war ended, the military service change to transportation, shooting off fireworks and aerobatic shows.
Until World War 1 (1914) more than 1,780 balloons had safely carried 27,700 passenger.

31. Lighter-Than-Air Balloon
Improvements: Elongated-like balloons with engines or power plants was introduced. Also known as ‘dirigible’ which means controllable.
Dirigible inventor: Count Ferdinant von Zeppelin
In the early 1930's the German Graf Zeppelin machine was able to make a Trans-Atlantic flight to the United States.
One such airship was 3 times larger than a Boeing 747 and cruised at 68 mph.
Dirigibles-elongated bags filled with gas , fitted with engines, propellers and rudder

32. Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin
The Zeppelin Company was credited with developing the first airliner.
It provided air service between Europe and America in the 1920s and 1930s
The Hindenburg explodes, May 6, 1937 at Lakehurst Naval Air Station.
The Hindenburg marked the end of large scale Zeppelin travel.

33. The Disadvantages of Balloons
It is impossible to construct balloons of sufficient strength. Thus, balloons unable to withstand routine operation under all weather conditions.
Example: U.S. hot-air-balloon breaking up in a storm.
Critical challenge to maintain the shape of gas bags. If the bags were only partially filled, the balloons hang down loosely.
Extremely difficult to control. Can be hazardous during landing in high winds.
The large Hindenburg was equally successful until it was destroyed by fire while attempting a landing in 1937 in Lakehurst, New Jersey.

34. WHY HOT AIR BALLOON CANNOT BECOME AN AIRLINER ?
Critical Thinking
WHY HOT AIR BALLOON CANNOT BECOME AN AIRLINER ?

35. Glider Flight
: Men try to invent GLIDER… Glider: A light aircraft designed to fly without using an engine.

36. George Cayley’s First Successful Airplane (1804)
Had body, tail and wing
Understood that lift results from pressure difference across wing surfaces
Had the idea to warp wings for roll control
Proposed an engine for thrust - none available at that time

37. Otto Lilienthal, First Successful Pilot a Glider (1890s)
Accomplished over 2500 successful glider flights
Control depended upon movements of his body. To reduce these requirements he devised a movable elevator.
Died in a glider accident in 1896

38. The Powered Flight

39. 1843: William S. Henson, 1st plane with an engine
Grew up in the age of steam. They had witnessed the use of steam in powering trains.
He designed his own steam engine for airplane.
After one unsuccessful try the inventor gave up.

40. 1896: Samuel P. Langley, First Successful Airplane
Samuel P. Langley of the United States flew a steam powered model plane.
First Successful Airplane Flight in 1896
Unfortunately, launching gear failure caused his plane to crash

41. Chapter 2 The First Man to Fly

43. Contribution of Wright Brothers to Aviation43
Contribution of Wright Brothers to Aviation
( ) – Research on how things fly.
literature search to find out the state of aeronautical knowledge at their time
read about the works of Cayley, and Langley, and the hang-gliding flights of Otto Lilienthal
studied the problems which had been encountered by previous flyers and they talked about possible solutions to the problems

44. Contribution of Wright Brothers to Aviation….44
Contribution of Wright Brothers to Aviation….
( ) – Tested Theories
built a wind tunnel and developed model-testing techniques including a balance accurately determine the lift and drag
They tested over two hundred different wings and airfoil models to improve the performance of their gliders.
Today, NASA engineers at Ames, Langley, and Glenn Research Centers use sophisticated models and wind tunnels to study a variety of problems associated with modern aircraft design

45. Contribution of Wright Brothers to Aviation….45
Contribution of Wright Brothers to Aviation….
( ) – Developed the first flight control systems
ideas for control were tested on a series of unpowered between 1900 and 1902 – Kites to obtain aerodynamic performance
flying object had to be controlled about all three primary axes; roll, pitch, and yaw
Their aircraft were built with movable surfaces on the wing, elevator, and rudder

46. Contribution of Wright Brothers to Aviation….46
Contribution of Wright Brothers to Aviation….
( 's) - Developed Propulsion Systems
first to fly a self-propelled, heavier than air machine
The thin, high speed propellers which they designed were based on wind tunnel tests and were unlike any other propellers being used at that time
Between 1903 and 1913 the engine power increased from 12 horsepower to nearly 75 horsepower

47. Contribution of Wright Brothers to Aviation….47
Contribution of Wright Brothers to Aviation….
(December 17, 1903) - The First Flight
( ) - Flight Development
continued to perfect their machine with a series of aircraft built between 1903 and flight testing from Kitty Hawk to their home town of Dayton, Ohio
new, more powerful aircraft, they were able to stay aloft for up to a half hour, to fly figure eights, and to even take passengers up for a ride

48. Wright Bro. Solved 3 Problems
How to obtain Lift
How to Control
How to generate Thrust

49. For any object to fly, we have to overcome the pull of gravity on the object. We note the pull of gravity by a FORCE called WEIGHT. The weight force is always directed towards the center of the earth and will accelerate an object towards the surface of the earth according to Newton’s laws of motion. For an airplane, we overcome the weight by generating an opposing force called LIFT. This force is generated by the wings of the airplane as it moves through the air. The air resists this motion. So there is a force opposed to the motion which we call DRAG. To overcome drag, we install a propulsion system on the airplane which generates THRUST. Flying then becomes a “tug-of war” between these four forces. The motion of the airplane through the air is governed by Newton’s laws of motion with the net external force acting on the airplane determined by the relative size of the four forces.

50. The first Wright brothers correctly understood that there was a third problem that had to be solved before heavier-than-air flight was possible. The aircraft must provide some system for stability and control. Stability and control are actually opposing concepts. An aircraft can be designed to be very stable (if disturbed it will return to its original flight conditions). But a stable aircraft is hard to control. In order to maneuver the airplane, you have to overcome its stability. The designs of Lilienthal and Maxim included some aspects of stability, but the pilots could not control them during transients. The brothers decided to “make a small contribution” to the study of flight by designing an aircraft that was just marginally stable, but would rely on the skill of the pilot to control the aircraft in flight. The pilot would no longer be a passenger, but would have an active roll during flight.

51. As an object moves through the air, it is free to rotate about its center of gravity in three directions. We can draw three axes through the center of gravity to describe the motion. The ROLL axis runs from front to back. Rotation about this axis is called ROLL and it occurs when the wing tips move up and down. The PITCH axis runs through the wings and a PITCH motion occurs when the nose moves up and down. The YAW axis is perpendicular to the other two axes and points down. A YAW motion occurs when the nose moves from side to side. The brothers correctly surmised that an aircraft has to be controlled about all three axes. They decided to build moving surfaces into their aircraft to allow the pilot to change the amount of force on the surface which would create a torque about the center of gravity and rotate the aircraft.

52. Roll Around Longitudinal Axis

53. Pitch Around the Lateral Axis

54. Yaw Around the vertical Axis

55. 1900: Test the Lift force
This is a picture of the 1900 kite taken by Orville. It flies just fine … but there is no one on board. The brothers found that in a 20 mph wind, the kite could lift itself, but not carry a pilot. Something was wrong in their design. They measured the wind speed using an anemometer that they borrowed from Octave Chanute. The brothers also measured the forces in the control lines and the angle at which the kite flew. They flew the craft with the tail in front and the tail in back and even without the tail. They put chains on the craft to determine how much the craft could lift for a measured wind speed.

56. 1901: Built the Hangar to store the aircraft
The brothers decided that they needed more room to work on their aircraft in 1901, so they built a hangar in which to store the aircraft. The sides of the hangar could be lifted to ease the aircraft in and out. They also dug a well out on the dunes so that they wouldn’t have to trek in water. Chanute and some of his co-workers visited the brothers as shown in the figure. Chanute is at the left on the cot and Wilbur is standing.

57. 1901: Make 50 Glides, but unsatisfied Performance
Here is Wilbur being launched on a glide from the side of a sand dune. That’s Dan Tate (Tom’s Uncle) on the left and one of Chanute’s friends (Huffaker) at the right. If you look close, you can see small struts sticking up from the lower wing. The brothers used these to twist the shape of their airfoil when they determined that the wing was not generating the predicted lift. Wilbur got about 50 glides during Orville hadn’t flown yet. You’ll notice that Wilbur lies on top of the bottom wing, not hanging beneath like Lilienthal. Orville was a champion bike rider, and most people that ride bicycles very fast know that it is harder to move through the air upright than to bend over in a biker’s stance. The brothers decided to cut the drag on the aircraft by having the pilot lie flat on the wing.

58. 1901: Wing design proved to be faulty
This is picture of Orville and the 1901 aircraft. You can see how much thicker the wing has become. You will also notice that the brothers have not included a rudder on the aircraft. They didn’t believe that they needed one (“birds don’t use rudders”). The weight of the aircraft has grown to about 100 pounds while Orville remains at 150 pounds.

59. 1901: Built a Wind Tunnel Test 200 shape of airfoil
This is a picture of the back of the tunnel. It has a large opening to let the wind out. Modern engineers would call this a “free return” design. It’s not a loop like most modern tunnels. Because it is free-return, any moving things in the room outside the tunnel can effect the results inside. So the brothers had a very strict procedure for taking data. One of the brothers would run the motor, and the other brother would stand by the side of the tunnel and look in the top to observe the test and record the data.

60. This is a picture of the actual data and graphs used by the brothers to determine the wing design for the 1902 aircraft.

61. 1902: Solve the control problem………
With the wind tunnel designed aircraft, and the new flight controls, the brothers take to the air in Both brothers fly. During the next four weeks, the brothers break all the world records for gliding; time aloft (25 sec), length of glide (650 feet), size of aircraft (30 foot wing span), weight (110 pounds of aircraft, 150 pounds of pilot), and airspeed (over 35 mph). They make over a thousand flights. At the end of the 1902 flying season, the brothers are the most experienced pilots in the world; they have learned how to fly. And they realize that all that remains for the invention of the airplane is add a motor to this glide. (Of course, they will have to make the aircraft larger to lift the motor and they will have to add propellers to generate thrust)

62. Move from 1902 Glider to the 1903 powered aircraft. Add a engine.
To move from the 1902 glider to the 1903 powered aircraft, the brothers had to add a motor. They knew the performance requirements of their motor because they knew the drag of their aircraft based on their wind tunnel results. The engine must develop 8 horse power. They estimated the weight of the engine (200 pounds) and asked several auto manufacturers if they could produce an engine to meet these specifications. No one responded. So the brothers designed and built their own engine. It is a marvel! A gasoline powered, internal combustion, 4 cylinder engine, which they designed and built in 6 weeks. They had some help from their bicycle mechanic, Charles Taylor, and had the block cast at a local foundry, but this engine was built using only the tools found in their bicycle shop. It produced 12 horsepower and weighed about 200 pounds. This is a picture of a model of the engine which was built in the 1920’s. No plans of the actual engine remain. This is a picture of the front of the engine (from the front of the airplane). The cylinders are arranged in-line and lay on their side. The timing chain is visible on the front of the engine, as are the radiator tubes connected at the top. The chains to the propellers are seen at the rear, behind the large flywheel on the back of the engine at the left. The large tube sticking out the top of the engine is the air intake.

63. 17th December 1903, finally successful
This is the most famous aviation picture of all time. It was taken December 17, by John Daniels of the life guard station. It shows Orville Wright on the wing of the flyer (it was his turn after losing the coin toss on the 14th) and Wilbur running alongside. In the foreground you can see the smooth sand which marks where the wing was at the time of the engine run-up. The 60 foot launch rail is seen as well as the dolly at the end of the rail below the airplane. Orville has taken off, under his own power and will land 12 seconds later at 120 feet from the end of the rail. That’s 40 yards in 12 seconds (only three times slower than a modern football player!). The flight was in a straight line and never got more than 10 feet off the ground. At the end of the flight, the plane was brought back and Wilbur took his turn, with very similar results. Orville got the next flight and staid in the air for about 250 feet. Wilbur flew the last flight of the day for 59 seconds and almost 850 feet.

64. Here’s a computer drawing which compares the various aircraft designed and built by the brothers. Notice how similar they are. The brothers evolved their design … they didn’t just scrap everything and start over when the early aircraft did not perform properly.

65. Heavier-Than-Air Definition

66. This is a computer drawing which compares the designs of the Wright aircraft from 1903, 1904, and Notice the elevator changes on the 1905.

67. After 1903…….
The brother write to the war department to try and obtain a contract for a “practical flying machine” but are turned down.
They decide to halt flying operations until they get a contract and the patent rights.
They won’t be seen in the air again until but they continue to work on increasing the power of their engines.

68. 1908…formed the Wright Company
Finally in 1908 the War Department signed a contract for a Wright Flyer, provided it could meet certain tests.
A month later a plan was instituted for the formation of a Wright company in France.
After the successful development of the first airplane, the Wright Brothers continued to be involved in aerospace technology.
Orville was one of the original members of the National Advisory Council on Aeronautics (NACA) which is the parent organization of the current NASA.